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Chapter 7. Atmospheric and Oceanic Research in CIRES:
Atmospheric Physics, Cryospheric and Polar Processes,and Climate Dynamics

Representative Selection of CIRES Publications in Atmospheric Physics, Cryospheric, and Climate Research

Abdalati, W., K. Steffen. 1997. Snowmelt on the Greenland ice sheet as derived from passive microwave satellite data. J. Climatol. 10:165-175.

Arblaster, J. M., G. A. Meehl, A. M. Moore. 2001. Interdecadal modulation of Australian rainfall. Climate Dynamics 18:519-531.

Alexander, M. A., C. Deser. 1995. A mechanism for the recurrence of wintertime midlatitude SST anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanog. 25:122-137.

Allison, I., G. Wendler, U. Radok. 1993. Climatology of the east Antarctic ice sheet (100° E to 140° E) derived from automatic weather stations. J. Geophys. Res. 98:8815-8823.

Anderson, M. R. 1987. The onset of spring melt in first-year ice regions of the Arctic as determined from scanning multichannel microwave radiometer data for 1979 and 1980. J. Geophys. Res. 92:13,153-13,163.

Avery, S. K., A. C. Riddle, B. B. Balsley. 1983. The Poker Flat, MST radar as a meteor radar. Radio Sci. 18:1021-1027.

Bailey, D. A., A. H. Lynch. 2000. Development of an Antarctic regional climate system model. Part I: sea ice and large-scale circulation. J. Climatol. 13:1337-1350.

Baker, D. J., U. Radok, G. Weller. 1980. Polar atmosphere-ice-ocean processes: A review of polar problems in climate research. Rev. Geophys. and Space Phys. 18: 525-543.

Balsley, B. B., M. L. Jensen, R. G. Frehlich. 1998. The use of state-of-the-art kites for profiling the lower atmosphere. Boundary Layer Meteor. 87:1-25.

Barlow, L. K., J.W.C. White, R. G. Barry, J. C. Rogers, P. M. Grootes. 1993. The North Atlantic oscillation signature in deuterium and deuterium excess signals in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice Core, 1840-1970. Geophys. Res. Ltrs. 20:2901- 2904.

Barry, R. G. 1992. Mountain Weather and Climate, 2nd edition. Routledge, London and New York.

Barry, R. G. 1996. The parameterization of surface albedo for sea ice and its snow cover. Prog. Phys. Geog. 20:63-79.

Barry, R. G. 1997. Cryospheric data for model validations: requirements and status. Ann. Glaciol. 25:371-375.

Barry, R. G., G. Kiladis, R. S. Bradley. 1981. Synoptic climatology of the western United States in relation to climatic fluctuations during the twentieth century. J. Climatol. 1:97-113.

Barry, R. G., M. W. Miles, R. C. Cianflore, G. Scharfen, R. C. Schnell. 1989. Characteristics of arctic sea ice from remote-sensing data and their relationship to atmospheric processes. Ann. Glaciol. 12:9-15.

Barry, R. G., M. C. Serreze, J. A. Maslanik, R. Preller. 1993. The arctic sea ice-climate system: observations and modeling. Rev. Geophys. 31:397-422.

Bertoia, J. Falkingham, F. Fetterer. 1998. Polar SAR data for operational sea ice mapping. In: Analysis of SAR Data of the Polar Oceans. Tsatsoulis and Kwok, editors. Springer: 200-234.

Bleck, R., H. P. Hanson, D. Hu, E. B. Kraus. 1989. Mixed layer-thermocline interaction in a three-dimensional isopycnic coordinate model. J. Phys, Oceanography 19:1417-1439.

Bradley, R. S., H. F. Diaz, G. N. Kiladis, J. K. Eischeid. 1987. ENSO signal in continental temperature and precipitation records. Nature 327:497-501.

Budd, W. F., D. Jensen, J.H.I. Leach, I. N. Smith, U. Radok. 1986. The north polar ice cap of Mars as a steady-state system. Polarforschung 56:43-63.

Carleton, A. M., 1981, Ice-ocean atmosphere interactions at high southern latitudes in winter from satellite observations. Australian Meteor. Mag. 29: 183-195.

Carleton, A. M. 1987. Satellite-derived attributes of cloud vortex systems and their application to climate studies. Remote Sens. Environ. 22:271-296.

Caughey, S. J., J. C. Wyngaard. 1979. The turbulence kinetic energy budget in convective conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 105:231-239.

Champagne, F. H., C. A. Friehe, J. C. LaRue, J. C. Wyngaard. 1977. Flux measurements, flux estimation techniques, and fine-scale measurements in the unstable surface layer over land. J. Atmos.Sci. 34:515-530.

Chang, L. P., E. S. Takle, R. L. Sani. 1982. Development of a two-dimensional finiteelement PBL model and two preliminary model applications. Month. Weath. Rev. 100:2025-2037.

Clark, M. P., M. C. Serreze, D. A. Robinson. 1999. Atmospheric controls on Eurasian snow extent. Inter. J. Climatol. 19:27-40.

Crane, R. G. 1983. Atmosphere-sea ice interactions in the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea and in the European sector of the Arctic, J. Geophys. Res. 88:4505-4523.

Crane, R. G., R. G. Barry. 1988. Comparison of the MSL synoptic pressure patterns of the arctic as observed and simulated by the GISS General Circulation Model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 39:169-183.

Deser, C. 1993. Diagnosis of the surface momentum balance over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climatol. 6:64-74.

Diaz, H. F., R. G. Barry, G. Kiladis. 1982. Climatic characteristics of Pike's Peak, Colorado (1874-1888) and comparisons with other Colorado stations. Mtn. Res. Develop. 2:59-371.

Diaz, H., R. S. Bradley, J. K. Eischeid. 1989. Precipitation fluctuations over global land areas since the late 1800's. J. Geophys. Res. 94:1195-1210.

Einaudi, F, C. O. Hines. 1970. WKB approximation in application to acoustic-gravity waves. Canadian J. Phys. 48:1458-1471.

Einaudi, F., D. P. Lalas. 1973. On the growth rate of an unstable disturbance in a gravitationally stratified shear flow. J. Atmos.Sci. 30:1707-1710.

Engelman, M. S., R. L. Sani, P. M. Gresho, M. Bercovier. 1982. Consistent vs. reduced integration penalty methods for incompressible media using several old and new elements. Inter. J. Num. Meth. in Fluids 2:25-42.

Fitzjarrald, D. R. 1986. Slope winds in Veracruz. J. Climate & Appl. Meteor. 25: 133-144.

Frei, A., D. A. Robinson. 1998. Evaluation of snow extent and its variability in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. J. Geophys.Res. 103:8859-8871.

Fu, C., J. Fletcher, R. Slutz. 1983. The structure of the Asian monsoon surface wind field over the ocean. J. Climate and Appl. Meteor. 22:1242-1253.

Fu, C., J. O. Fletcher. 1985. The relationship between Tibet-Tropical ocean thermal contrast and interannual variability of Indian monsoon rainfall, J. Climate & Appl. Meteor. 24:841-847.

Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, D. A. Carter, W. L. Ecklund, A. C. Riddle, G. C. Reid, B. B. Balsley. 1991. Long-term mean vertical motion over the tropical Pacific: windprofiling Doppler radar measurements. Science 254:1771-1773.

Garcia, O., S.J.S. Khalsa, E. J. Steiner. 1986. Atmospheric characteristics of the Equatorial Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Nino, deduced from satellite and aircraft observations. J. Geophys. Res. 91:13217-13231.

Garcia, A., C. Penland. 1991. Fluctuating hydrodynamics and principal oscillation pattern analysis. J. Stat. Phys. 64:1121-1132.

Greenhut, G. K., S.J.S. Khalsa. 1982. Updraft and downdraft events in the atmospheric boundary layer over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci. 39:1803- 1818.

Greenhut, G. K., R. R. Brook. 1983. Similarity functions in the tropical marine boundary layer. Boundary Layer Meteor. 26:289-303.

Grossman, R. L., D. R. Durran. 1984. Interaction of low-level flow with the Western Ghat Mountains and offshore convection in the summer monsoon. Month. Weather Rev. 112:652-672.

Grossman, R. L., A. K. Betts. 1990. Air-sea interaction during an extreme cold air outbreak from the eastern coast of the United States, Month. Weather Rev 118:324-342.

Grossman, R. L., O. Garcia. 1990. The distribution of deep convection over ocean and land during the Asian summer monsoon. J. Climatol. 3:1032-1044.

Gutzler, D. S. 1987. The annual and semiannual cycles of the tropical wind field. Month. Weather Rev. 115:2553-2564.

Hanson, H. P., 1983, Equatorial waves in the presence of air-sea heat exchange. J. Phys. Oceanog. 13:1170-1178.

Hanson, H. P. 1985. Climatology of cyclogenesis over the East China Sea. Month. Weather Rev. 113:697-707.

Hanson, H. P. 1987. Reinterpretation of cloud topped mixed layer entrainment closure. Tellus 39A:215-225.

Hanson, H. P. 1987. Radiative/turbulent transfer interactions in layer clouds, J. Atmos. Sci. 44:1287-1295.

Hanson, H. P. 1991. Cloud albedo control by cloud-top entrainment. Tellus 43A:37- 48.

Hanson, H. P., V. E. Derr. 1987. Parameterization of radiative flux profiles within layer clouds. J. Climate. and Appl. Meteor. 26:1511-1521.

Hanson, H. P., C.S. Hanson, B. H. Yoo. 1992. Recent Great Lakes ice trends. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 73:577-584.

Hardesty, R. M. 1984. Coherent DIAL measurement of range-resolved water vapor concentration. Appl. Opt. 23:2545-2553.

Hardesty, R. M., B. F. Weber. 1987. Lidar measurements of turbulence encountered by horizontal axis wind turbines. J. Atmos. And Oceanic Tech. 4:191-203.

Hardesty, R. M., C. Senff, W. F. Brewer, R. M. Banta, R. J. Alvarez II, L. Darby, R. D. Marchbanks. 2001. Combining Doppler, DIAL, and aerosol lidars to investigate mixing and transport in a regional air quality study. In: Advances in Laser Remote Sensing. Ecole Polytechnique, France: 451-454.

Hay, W. W. 1996. Tectonics and climate. Geol. Rund. 85:409-437.

Hay, W. W., E. J. Barron, S. L. Thompson. 1990. Results of global atmospheric circulation experiments on an Earth with a meridional pole-to-pole continent. J. Geol. Soc. London 147:385-392.

Hay, W. W., R. M. DeConto, C. N. Wold. 1997. Climate: is the past the key to the future? Geol. Rund. 86:471-491.

Helmig, D., B. Balsley, K. Davis, L. R. Kuck, M. Jensen, J. Bognar, T. Smith, Jr., R. V. Arrieta, R. Rodriquez, J. W. Birks. 1998. Vertical profiling and determination of landscapes fluxes of biogenic non-methane hydrocarbons within the planetary boundary layer in the Peruvian Amazon. J. Geophys. Res. 103:25,519-25,532.

Hendon, H., B. Liebmann. 1990. A composite study of onset of the Australian summer monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci. 47:2227-2248.

Hoerling, M. P. 1992. Diabatic sources of potential vorticity in the general circulation. J. Atmos. Sci. 49:2282-2292.

Hoerling, M. P., T. K. Schaack, A. J. Lenzen, 1991, Global objective tropopause analysis. Month. Weather Rev. 119:1816-1831.

Hoerling, M. P., M. L. Blackmon, M.Ting. 1992. Simulating the atmospheric response to the 1985-87 El Nino cycle. J. Climatol. 5:669-682.

Hoyt, D. V., R. A. Siquig. 1982. Possible influence of volcanic dust veils or changes in solar luminosity on long-term local temperature records. J. Atmos. Sci. 39:680-685.

Jensen, D., U. Radok. 1982. On the joint interpretation of total gas contents and stable iosotope ratios in ice cores. Ann. Glaciol. 3:152-155.

Kahl, J. D., D. J. Charlevoix, N. A. Zaitseva, R. C. Schnell, M. C. Serreze. 1993. Absence of evidence for greenhouse warming over the Arctic ocean in the past 40 years. Nature 361: 335-337.

Kahl, J.D.W., M. C. Serreze, R. S. Stone, S. Shiotani, M. Kisley, R. C. Schnell, 1993, Tropospheric temperature trends in the Arctic: 1958-1986. J. Geophys. Res. 98:12,825-12,838.

Keen, R. A. 1982. The role of cross-equatorial tropical cyclone pairs in the southern oscillation. Month. Weather Rev. 110:1405-1416.

Keen, R. A. 1984. Statistical-dynamical model of accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet. Ann. Glaciol 5:69-74.

Key, J. 1990. Cloud cover analysis with Arctic advanced very high resolution radiometer data 2. Classification with spectral and textural measures. J. Geophys. Res. 95:7661-7675.

Key, J. R., M. Haefliger. 1992. Arctic ice surface temperature retrieval from AVHRR thermal channels. J. Geophys. Res. 97:5885-5893.

Key, J. R., R. A. Silcox. R. S. Stone. 1996. Evaluation of surface radiative flux parameterizations for use in sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res. 101:3839-3849.

Khalsa, S.J.S. 1983. The role of sea surface temperature in large-scale air-sea interaction. Month. Weather Rev. 111:954-966.

Khalsa, S.J.S., E J. Steiner. 1988. A TOVS dataset for study of the tropical atmosphere. J. Appl. Meteor. 27:851-862.

Kiladis, G. L., H. F. Diaz. 1986. An analysis of the 1877-78 ENSO episode and comparison with 1982-83. Month. Weather Rev. 114:1035-1047.

Kiladis, G. N., H. von Storch, H. van Loon. 1989. Origin of the South Pacific convergence zone. J. Climat. 2:1185-1195.

Kiladis, G. N., K. M. Weickmann. 1992. Circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during northern winter. Month. Weather Rev. 120:1900-1923.

Kraus, E. B., H. P. Hanson. 1983. Air-sea interaction as a propagator of equatorial ocean surface temperature anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanography 13:130-138.

Kraus, E. B., H. P. Hanson. 1983. On westward propagation of sea-surface temperature anomalies in the Equatorial Pacific. In: Hydrodynamics of the Equatoria Ocean. J.C.J. Nihoul, editor :197-217.

Lalas, D. P., F. Einaudi. 1976. On the characteristics of gravity waves generated by atmospheric shear layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 33:1248-1259.

Lean, J. L. 1984. Solar ultraviolet irradiance variations and the Earth's atmosphere. Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millenial Basis. N. A. Moerner and W. Karlen, editors. D. Reidel: 449-471.

Lean, J. L. 1987. Solar ultraviolet irradiance variations: a review. J. Geophys. Res. 92:839-868.

Lean, J. L. 1988. Solar irradiances and indices. Adv. Space Res. 8:5263-5292. Ledrew, E. F., D. Johnson, J. A. Maslanik. 1991. An examination of atmospheric mechanisms that may be responsible for the annual reversal of the Beaufort sea ice field. Inter. J. Climatol. 11:841-859.

Lee, R. L., P. M. Gresho, R. L. Sani. 1979. Smoothing techniques for certain primative variable solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. Inter. J. Num. Meth. Engin. 14:1785-1804.

Liebmann, B., H. H. Hendon. 1990. Synoptic-scale disturbances near the equator. J. Atmos. Sci. 47:1463-1479.

Lingle, C. S., James A. Clark. 1985. A numerical model of interactions between a marine ice sheet and the solid earth: Application to a west Antarctic ice stream. J. Geophys. Res. 90:1100-1114.

London, J., S. G. Warren, C. J. Hahn. 1989. The global distribution of observed cloudiness-a contribution to the ISCCP. Adv. Space Res. 9:161-165.

Lynch, A. H., 2000, W. Wu. Impacts of fire and warming on ecosystem uptake in the Boreal Forest. J. Climatol. 13:2334-2338.

Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, M. Massebeuf, J. L. Fellous, W. G. Elford, R. A. Vincent, R. L. Craig, R. G. Roper, S. Avery, B. B. Balsley, G. J. Fraser, M. J. Smith, R. R. Clark, S. Kato, T. Tsuda, A. Ebel. 1985. Mean winds of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (60-110 kilometer): A global distribution from radar systems (MF, Meteor, VHF). Adv. SpaceRes. 5:135-144.

Marshall, S. E., S. G. Warren. 1987. Parameterization of snow albedo for climate models. In: Large Scale Effects of Seasonal Snow Cover. IAHS#166, proceedings of the Vancouver Symp. 43-50.

Maslanik, J. A., 1992, Effects of weather on the retrieval of sea ice concentration and ice type from passive microwave data. Inter. J. Remote Sens. 13:37-54.

McGinnis, D. L., R. G. Crane. 1994. A multivariate analysis of arctic climate in GCMs. J. Climatol 7:1240-1250.

McInnes, B, U. Radok. 1985. A steady-state prediction of DYE 3 core features. In: Greenland Ice Core, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment. Geophysical Monograph 33, C.C. Langway, Jr., H. Oeschger, W. Dansgaard editors. American Geophysical Union. 111-117.

McLaren, A. S. 1989. The under-ice thickness distribution of the arctic basin as recorded in 1958 and 1970. J. Geophys. Res. 94:4971-4983.

McLaren, A. S., M. C. Serreze, R. G. Barry. 1987. Seasonal variations of sea ice motion in the Canada basin and their implications. Geophys. Res. Ltrs. 14:1123- 1126.

McLaren, A. S., R. G. Barry, R. H. Bourke. 1990. Could Arctic ice be thinning?, Nature 345:762.

Miles, M. W., R. G. Barry. 1998. A 5-year satellite climatology of winter sea ice leads in the western Arctic, J. Geophys. Res. 103:21,723-21,734.

Moore, A. M. 1999. Wind-induced variability of ocean gyres. Dynamics of Atmos. and Oceans 29:335-364.

Moore, A., R. Kleeman. 1999. Stochastic forcing of ENSO by the Intraseasonal Oscillation. J. Climate 12:1199-1220.

Moore, A. M., R. Kleeman. 2001. On the differences between the optimal perturbations of coupled models of ENSO. J. Climate 14:138-163.

Morassutti, M. P. 1991. Climate model sensitivity to sea ice albedo parameterization. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 44:22-36.

Moses, T., G. N. Kiladis, H. F. Diaz, R. G. Barry. 1987. Characteristics and frequency of reversals in mean sea level pressure in the North Atlantic sector and heir relationship to long-term temperature trends. J. Climatol. 7:13-30.

Munro, D. S. 1990. Comparison of melt energy computations and ablatometer measurements on melting ice and snow. Arctic and Alpine Res. 22:153-162.

Neff, W. D. 1990. Remote sensing of atmospheric processes over complex terrain, In: Current directions in atmospheric processes over complex terrain. Meteorological monograph of the Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 173-228.

Neff, W. D. 1997. The Denver brown cloud studies from the perspective of model assessment needs and the role of meteorology. J. Air and Waste Management Assoc. 47:269-285.

Neff, W. D. 1999. Decadal time scale trends and variability in the tropospheric circulation over the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res. 104:27,217-27,251.

Palecki, M. A., R. G. Barry. 1986. Freeze-up and break-up of lakes as an index of temperature changes during the transition seasons: a case study for Finland, J. Climate & Appl. Meteor. 25:893-902.

Paltridge, G. W. 1981. Thermodynamic dissipation and the global climate system, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. J4L 107:531-547.

Penland, C., T. Magorian. 1993. Prediction of Niño 3 sea surface temperatures using linear inverse modeling. J. Climatol. 6:1067-1076.

Penland, C., P. D. Sardeshmukh, 1995,The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies, J. Climatol. 8:1999-2024.

Persson, P.O.G., D. Ruffieux. 1997. Recalculations of pack ice and lead surface energy budgets during the Arctic Leads Experiments (LEADEX) 1992. J. Geophys. Res. 102:25,085-25,089.

Pinto, J. P., J. A. Curry, A. H. Lynch, P.O.G. Persson. 1999. Modeling clouds and radiation for the November 1997 period of SHEBA using a column climate model. J. Geophys. Res. 104:6661-6678.

Pulwarty, R. S., R. G. Barry, C. M. Hurst, K. Sellinger, L. F. Mogollon. 1998. Precipitation in the Venezuelan Andes in the context of regional climate. Meteor. Atmos. Phys. 67:217-237.

Radok, U. 1978. Climatic roles of ice: A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme (IHP). Hydro. Sci 23: 333-354.

Radok, U. 1988. Surface air flow at the South Pole. Cold Regions Sci. and Tech. 15:311-317.

Radok, U., R. G. Barry, D. Jenssen, R. A. Keen, G. N. Kiladis, B. McInnes. 1982. Climate and physical characteristics of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Parts I and II, CIRES, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309.

Radok, U., B. J. McInnes, D. Jenssen, W. F. Budd. 1989. Model studies on ice-stream surging. Ann. Glaciol. 12:132-136.

Radok, U., C. A. Smith, G. Wendler. 1998. Southern ocean synoptics - observations and analyses. Meteorol. Appl. 5:33-36.

Ramage, C. S. 1982. Have precipitation forecasts improved? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 63:739-743.

Ramage, C. S. 1987. Secular change in reported surface wind speeds over the ocean. J. Climat. and Appl. Meteor. 26:525-528.

Reid, G. C. 1991. Solar irradiance variations and global ocean temperatures. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. 43:795-801.

Reid, G. C. 1997. Solar forcing of global climate change since the mid-17th century. Clim. Change 37:391-405.

Reid, G. 1999. Solar variability and its implications for the human environment. J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys. 61:3-14.

Reid, G. C., K. S. Gage. 1996. The tropical tropopause over the western Pacific: wave driving, convection, and the annual cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 101:21,233-21,241.

Riehl, H. 1981. Some aspects of the advances in the knowledge of hurricanes. Pageoph. 119:612-627.

Riehl, H., J. Simpson. 1979. The heat balance of the equatorial trough zone, revisisted. Atmos. Phys. 52:287-304.

Robinson, D. A., M. C. Serreze, R. G. Barry, G. Scharfen, G. Kukla. 1992. Large-scale patterns and variability of snowmelt and parameterized surface albedo in the Arctic Basin. J. Climatol. 5:1109-1119.

Rye, B. J., R. M. Hardesty. 1993. Discrete spectral peak estimation in incoherent backscatter heterodyne lidar. I: Spectral accumulation and the Cramer-Rao lower bound; II: Correlogram accumulation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. And Remore Sens. 31: 16-17, 28-35.

Scambos, T. A., R. Bindschadler. 1993. Complex ice stream flow revealed by sequential satellite imagery. Ann. Glaciol. 17:177-182.

Schnell, R. C. 1984. Arctic haze and the arctic gas and aerosol sampling program AGASP). Geophys. Res.Ltrs. 11: 361-364.

Schnell, R. C., R. G. Barry, M. S. Miles, E. L. Andreas, L. F. Radke, C. A. Brock, M. P. McCormick, J. L. Moore. 1989. Lidar detection of leads in Arctic sea ice. Nature 339: 530-532.

Schweiger, A. J., J. R. Key, 1992, Arctic cloudiness: comparison of ISCPP-C2 and Nimbus- 7 satellite-derived cloud products with a surface-based cloud climatology. J. Climatol. 5:1514-1527.

Schweiger, A. J., M. C. Serreze, J. R. Key. 1993. Arctic sea ice albedo: a comparison of two satellite-derived data sets. Geophysi. Res. Ltrs. 20:41-44.

Serreze, M. C., J. A. Maslanik, R. H. Preller, R. G. Barry. 1990. Sea ice concentrations in the Canada Basin during 1988: comparisons with other years and evidence of multiple forcing mechanisms. J. Geophys. Res. 95:22,253-22,267.

Serreze, M. C., R. G. Barry, M. C. Rehder, J. E. Walsh. 1995. Variability in atmospheric circulation and moisture flux over the Arctic. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc London A 352:215-225.

Serreze, M. C., F. Carse, R. G. Barry. 1997. Icelandic low cyclone activity: climatological features, linkages with the NAO, and relationships with recent change in the northern hemisphere circulation. J. Climatol. 10:453-464.

Serreze, M. C., M. P. Clark, D. L. McGinnis, D. A.Robinson. 1998. Characteristics of snowfall over the eastern half of the United States and relationships with principal modes of low-frequency atmospheric variability. J. Climatol. 11:234-250.

Serreze, M. C., M. P. Clark, R. L. Armstrong, D. A.McGinnis, R. S. Pulwarty. 1999. Characteristics of the western United States snowpack from snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) data. Water Resources Res. 35:2145-2160.

Serreze, M. C., J. E. Walsh, F. S. Chapin III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W. C. Oechel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, R. G. Barry. 2000. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Clim. Change 46:159-207.

Sokolik, I., G. Golitsyn. 1993. Investigation of optical and radiative properties of atmospheric dust aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 27A:2509-2517.

Sorbjan, Z. 1983. Effects of baroclinicity on resistance laws for the atmospheric boundary layer over a slightly inclined terrain. J. Atmos. Sci. 40:729-737.

Steffen, K. 1988. Surface temperatures and sea ice typing for northern Baffin Bay. Inter. J. Remote Sens. 9:409-422.

Steffen, K., J. Key, D. J. Cavalieri, J. Comiso, P. Gloersen, K. St. Germain, I. Rubinstein. 1992. The estimation of geophysical parameters using passive microwave algorithms. In: Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice AGU geophysical monograph 68:201-231.

Steffen, K. W. Abdalati, J. Stroeve. 1993. Climate sensitivity studies of the Greenland ice sheet using satellite AVHRR, SMMR, SSM/I and in situ data. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 51:239-258.

Steffen, K., J. Heinrichs. 1994. Feasibility of sea ice typing with synthetic aperture radar (SAR): merging of Landsat thematic mapper and ERS 1 SAR satellite imagery. J. Geophys. Res. 99:22,413-22,424.

Steiner, E. J. 1982. The relationship between stability and boundary layer winds in the trades, J. Appl. Meteor. 21:1037-1041.

Stone, R. S. 1993. Properties of austral winter clouds derived from radiometric profiles at the South Pole. J. Geophys. Res. 98:12,961-12,971.

Stone, R. S. 1997. Variations in western Arctic temperatures in response to cloud radiative and synoptic-scale influences. J. Geophys. Res. 102:21,769-21,776.

Stroeve, J., A. Nolin, K. Steffen. 1997. Comparison of AVHRR-derived and in situ surface albedo over the Greenland ice sheet. Remote Sens. Environ. 62:262-276.

Toth, Z. 1991. Estimation of atmospheric predictability by circulation analogs. Month. Weather Rev. 119:65-72.

Tramoni, F., R. G. Barry, J. Key. 1985. Lake ice cover as a temperature index for monitoring climate perturbations. Zeit. f. Gletscherkuunde u. Glazialgeologie 21:43-49.

Warren, S. G. 1982. Optical properties of snow. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20:67-89.

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