Why solid earth sciences research?

Geochemistry of mountains
Not all mountain ranges are created equal. In fact, the processes that build and erode mountains are surprisingly diverse, and they're not always triggered by the collision or divergence of tectonic plates. At CIRES, our researchers are involved in a major effort to discern the separate effects of the crust and upper mantle on western U.S. topography. We're finding that many of the observed differences in western geology are a result of variations in the density or composition of the mantle. Mountain uplift and extension in the Sierra Nevada, for example, appear to be driven by the "drip" of hot and dense rock from the foundation of the mountain range.

Crustal deformation and mantle dynamics
Earth's mantle extends from the top of our planet's liquid core to the crust of its surface. CIRES scientists study this dynamic layer and its influence on plate tectonics and crustal deformation. Convection within the mantle is thought to occur at just a few centimeters per year, yet this motion causes continental plates to drift and collide, triggering earthquakes and fueling volcanic activity. Our researchers use seismology and geodesy to measure ground motion in places as far away as the Himalaya and as close as the Rocky Mountains. These tools allow us to map the deep structure of the earth and estimate future seismic hazards at plate boundaries.

Landscape evolution and climate
Earth's surface is in constant motion. Processes ranging from catastrophic landslides to the gradual accumulation of sediment in floodplains shape the landscape and have multiple feedbacks with the atmosphere, lithosphere, and geosphere. CIRES scientists study the physics and chemistry of these surface processes to better understand their contribution to sculpting the earth's varied topography. We also study the relationship between surface processes and regional climate. One area of CIRES research has focused on the uplift of the Himalaya and its impact on the initiation of the Asian monsoon cycle.

Gravity from space
Earth's gravitational field changes in strength according to minor differences in surface topography and mass. Even water runoff after a rainstorm can temporarily alter Earth's gravitational pull by changing the surface characteristics over a particular area. By taking precise measurements of gravity from space, CIRES scientists are able to monitor changes in the distribution of Earth's mass. We can apply this technology to track melting of continental ice sheets and follow the depletion of underground aquifers.

Research Snapshot
Tools of the Trade