Fox-Kemper Research Group Fox-Kemper Research Group
    Fox-Kemper Home  |   People  |   Projects  |   Publications  |   Movies  |   Models  |   Teaching  |   Contact
RESEARCH GROUPS @ CIRES >

Selected Publications


Refereed Papers

[1] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, M. Jochum, R. Neale, C. Deser, and G. Meehl. Will there be a significant change to El Nino in the 21st century? Journal of Climate, 2011. In press. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[2] A. Webb and B. Fox-Kemper. Wave spectral moments and Stokes drift estimation. Ocean Modelling, 40(3-4):273-288, 2011. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[3] I. Grooms, K. Julien, and B. Fox-Kemper. On the interactions between planetary geostrophy and mesoscale eddies. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 51:109-136, 2011. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[4] B. Fox-Kemper, G. Danabasoglu, R. Ferrari, S. M. Griffies, R. W. Hallberg, M. M. Holland, M. E. Maltrud, S. Peacock, and B. L. Samuels. Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. III: Implementation and impact in global ocean climate simulations. Ocean Modelling, 39:61-78, 2011. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[5] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, M. Jochum, B. Rajagopalan, and S. G. Yeager. ENSO model validation using wavelet probability analysis. Journal of Climate, 23:5540-5547, 2010. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[6] B. Fox-Kemper and R. Ferrari. An eddifying Parsons model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39(12):3216-3227, 2009. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[7] M. Jochum, B. Fox-Kemper, P. Molnar, and C. Shields. Differences in the Indonesian Seaway in a coupled climate model and their relevance to Pliocene climate and El Nino. Paleoceanography, 24:PA1212, 2009. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[8] B. Fox-Kemper, R. Ferrari, and R. W. Hallberg. Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part I: Theory and diagnosis. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38(6):1145-1165, 2008. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[9] B. Fox-Kemper and R. Ferrari. Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part II: Prognosis and impact. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38(6):1166-1179, 2008. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[10] B. Fox-Kemper and D. Menemenlis. Can large eddy simulation techniques improve mesoscale-rich ocean models? In M. Hecht and H. Hasumi, editors, Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime, volume 177, pages 319-338. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, 2008. [ bib | http ]
[11] G. Boccaletti, R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper. Mixed layer instabilities and restratification. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37(9):2228-2250, 2007. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[12] B. Fox-Kemper. Reevaluating the roles of eddies in multiple barotropic wind-driven gyres. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35(7):1263-1278, 2005. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[13] B. Fox-Kemper and J. Pedlosky. Wind-driven barotropic gyre I: Circulation control by eddy vorticity fluxes to an enhanced removal region. Journal of Marine Research, 62(2):169-193, 2004. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[14] B. Fox-Kemper. Wind-driven barotropic gyre II: Effects of eddies and low interior viscosity. Journal of Marine Research, 62(2):195-232, 2004. [ bib | DOI | http ]
[15] B. Fox-Kemper, R. Ferrari, and J. Pedlosky. On the indeterminacy of rotational and divergent eddy fluxes. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33(2):478-483, 2003. [ bib | DOI | http ]

Other Writing*

*Note: In preparation and submitted papers are only checked by the authors--and are thus subject to change. However, all copyrights are still in force, so no duplication or reproduction beyond personal use is allowed without explicit permission. Thanks!

[1] B. Fox-Kemper, R. Lumpkin, and F. O. Bryan. Lateral transport in the ocean interior. In G. Siedler, J. Church, J. Gould, and S. Griffies, editors, Ocean Circulation and Climate - Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean. Elsevier, 2012. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[2] S. Stevenson, B. Rajagopalan, and B. Fox-Kemper. Statistical modeling of El Nino and La Nina in CCSM climate projections. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 2012. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[3] S. Stevenson, H. McGregor, S. Phipps, and B. Fox-Kemper. Quantifying the limitations of paleo-ENSO model validation. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012. In preparation. [ bib ]
[4] B. Fox-Kemper, S. Bachman, B. Cooper, S. Haney, S. Kupper, K. McCaffrey, L. V. Roekel, S. Stevenson, A. Webb, and R. Ferrari. Hurricane wake restratification by insolation, friction, frontogenesis, and mixed layer eddies. Journal of Marine Research, 2012. In preparation. [ bib ]
[5] B. Fox-Kemper, K. Julien, E. A. D'Asaro, and G. Chini. Langmuir-submesoscale interaction: Instabilities of the Eady problem in the Craik-Leibovich equations. 2012. In preparation. [ bib ]
[6] J. R. Taylor, B. Fox-Kemper, and L. N. Thomas. Parameterization of frontal symmetric instabilities. i: Theory for resolved fronts. Ocean Modelling, 2012. In preparation. [ bib ]
[7] B. Fox-Kemper, F. O. Bryan, and J. M. Dennis. Global diagnosis of the mesoscale eddy tracer flux-gradient relation. Ocean Modelling, 2012. In preparation. [ bib ]
[8] A. Webb, B. Fox-Kemper, E. Baldwin-Stevens, G. Danabasoglu, B. Hamlington, W. G. Large, and S. Peacock. Global climate model sensitivity to estimated Langmuir mixing. Ocean Modelling, 2012. In preparation. [ bib ]
[9] S. E. Belcher, A. A. L. M. Grant, K. E. Hanley, B. Fox-Kemper, L. Van Roekel, P. P. Sullivan, W. G. Large, A. Brown, A. Hines, D. Calvert, A. Rutgersson, H. Petterson, J. Bidlot, P. A. E. M. Janssen, and J. A. Polton. A global perspective on mixing in the ocean surface boundary layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[10] L. Cavaleri, B. Fox-Kemper, and M. Hemer. Wind waves in the coupled climate system. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Nov 2011. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[11] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, and M. Jochum. Understanding the ENSO-CO2 link using stabilized climate simulations. Journal of Climate, 2011. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[12] B. Fox-Kemper. Ocean pressure and pressure gradients. Nature Education Knowledge, 2011. Submitted. [ bib ]
[13] L. Van Roekel, B. Fox-Kemper, P. P. Sullivan, P. E. Hamlington, and S. R. Haney. The form and orientation of Langmuir cells for misaligned winds and waves. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 2011. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[14] S. C. Bates, B. Fox-Kemper, S. R. Jayne, W. G. Large, S. Stevenson, and S. G. Yeager. Mean biases, variability, and trends in air-sea fluxes and SST in the CCSM4. Journal of Climate, 2011. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[15] F. J. Poulin, B. Fox-Kemper, N. K.-R. Kevlahan, and W. Ko. Spectral characteristics of turbulent wind-driven gyre flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2011. Submitted. [ bib | http ]
[16] B. Fox-Kemper. A review of Modelling Ocean Climate Variability by Artem S. Sarkisyan and Jurgen E. Sundermann. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2011. [ bib | http ]
[17] S. M. Griffies, A. J. Adcroft, H. Banks, C. W. Boning, E. P. Chassignet, G. Danabasoglu, S. Danilov, E. Deleersnijder, H. Drange, M. England, B. Fox-Kemper, R. Gerdes, A. Gnanadesikan, R. J. Greatbatch, R. W. Hallberg, E. Hanert, M. J. Harrison, S. A. Legg, C. M. Little, G. Madec, S. Marsland, M. Nikurashin, A. Pirani, H. L. Simmons, J. Schröoter, B. L. Samuels, A.-M. Treguier, J. R. Toggweiler, H. Tsujino, G. K. Vallis, and L. White. Problems and prospects in large-scale ocean circulation models. In J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, editors, Proceedings of the OceanObs'09 Conference: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, volume 2. ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010. [ bib | http ]
[18] R. Smith, P. Jones, B. Briegleb, F. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu, J. Dennis, J. Dukowicz, C. Eden, B. Fox-Kemper, P. Gent, M. Hecht, S. Jayne, K. L. M. Jochum, W. Large, M. Maltrud, N. Norton, S. Peacock, M. Vertenstein, and S. Yeager. The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) Reference Manual. Technical Report LAUR-10-01853, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2010. [ bib | http ]
[19] B. Fox-Kemper, R. Ferrari, and R. W. Hallberg. Reply to the comment by Canuto and Dubovikov, 2009. [ bib | http ]
[20] A. Adcroft, J. M. Campin, S. Dutkiewicz, C. Evangelinos, D. Ferreira, G. Forget, B. Fox-Kemper, P. Heimbach, C. Hill, E. Hill, et al. The MITgcm User Manual. MIT Department of EAPS, Cambridge, MA, 2008. [ bib | http ]
[21] B. Fox-Kemper, G. Danabasoglu, R. Ferrari, and R. W. Hallberg. Parameterizing submesoscale physics in global climate models. CLIVAR Exchanges, 13(1):3-5, 2008. [ bib | http ]
[22] B. Fox-Kemper. Wind shear. SAIL, page 52, Jan 2003. [ bib | http ]
[23] B. Fox-Kemper. Friction and Eddies: Removal of Vorticity from the Wind-Driven Gyre. Ph.D. Thesis. MIT/WHOI, 2003-06, 2003. [ bib | http ]
[24] B. Fox-Kemper. Waterspouts. SAIL, page 47, June 2002. [ bib | http ]
[25] B. Fox-Kemper. What color is the sky. SAIL, page 42, Sept 2002. [ bib | http ]
[26] B. Fox-Kemper. The Ekman current. SAIL, page 40, Oct 2002. [ bib | http ]
[27] B. Fox-Kemper. Tsunami spells trouble. SAIL, page 40, Nov 2002. [ bib | http ]
[28] B. Fox-Kemper. The power of convection. SAIL, page 26, Dec 2002. [ bib | http ]

Student Publications**

**Note: The student authors retain the copyright to these works, no duplication or reproduction beyond personal use is allowed without explicit permission. Thanks!

[1] S. Stevenson. The Past, Present and Future of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. PhD thesis, University of Colorado, 2011. [ bib | .pdf ]
[2] E. C. Baldwin Stevens. Remote Sensing, Modeling, and Synthesis: On the Development of a Global Ocean Wind/Wave Climatology and Its Application to Sensitive Climate Parameters. Master's thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2010. [ bib | http ]
[3] A. Zettler-Mann. The Effects of Wave Energy Converters on a Monochromatic Wave Climate. Batchelor's honors thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2010. [ bib | .pdf ]

Press Coverage


Posters and Presentations***

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. 0612143, 0612159, 0825614, 0855010, 0913800, and 0934737, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grants No. NNX09AF38G and NNX09AO20H, the University of Colorado, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding sources.

[1] B. Fox-Kemper. Tbd (invited). Climate and Global Dynamics Division Seminar, Boulder, CO, Mar 2012. National Center for Atmospheric Research. [ bib ]
[2] B. Fox-Kemper. Modelling oceans, climate, and the future of El Nino (invited). Department of Earth Science and Physics, Greeley, CO, Mar 2012. University of Northern Colorado. [ bib ]
[3] B. Fox-Kemper. Mixing, eddies, and all that: Ocean parameterization developments from 4m to 400km (invited). In Atmosphere Ocean Science Colloquium, New York, NY, May 2011. Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University. [ bib | .pdf ]
[4] B. Fox-Kemper, A. Webb, L. Van Roekel, G. Danabasoglu, W. R. Large, and S. Peacock. Two-way coupling between surface gravity waves and climate. In Workshop on Coordinated Global Wave Climate Projections (COWCLIP), Geneva, Switzerland, April 2011. World Climate Research Programme-Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology. [ bib | http ]
[5] B. Fox-Kemper and G. A. Meehl. CMIP5: promoting a balance between prediction evaluating models using observations, and understanding. In Workshop on Coordinated Global Wave Climate Projections (COWCLIP), Geneva, Switzerland, April 2011. World Climate Research Programme-Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology. [ bib | http ]
[6] B. Fox-Kemper. What can models tell us about El Nino in the 21st Century? (invited). Wynkoop Brewery, Denver, CO, Dec 2011. Denver Café Scientifique. [ bib ]
[7] S. Reckinger, O. V. Vasilyev, and B. Fox-Kemper. Shallow water model using adaptive wavelet collocation method. In Bulletin of the American Physical Society, volume 56 of 64th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics. APS, Nov. 2011. [ bib ]
[8] B. Fox-Kemper. Mixing, eddies, and all that: Ocean parameterization developments from 4m to 400km (invited). In Balance, Boundaries and Mixing in the Climate Problem Workshop, Montreal, Canada, Sept 2011. Le Centre de Recherches Mathmatiques (CRM), McGill University. [ bib ]
[9] B. Fox-Kemper. Diagnosis of ocean mesoscale eddy tracer fluxes. In Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program, Woods Hole, MA, July 2010. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. [ bib | .pdf ]
[10] B. Fox-Kemper. From subgrid physics to subgrid biophysics: Un défi submeso (invited). In Influence of meso- and submesoscale ocean dynamics on the global carbon cycle and marine ecosytems, Centre de la Mer, Aber Wrac'h, Brittany, France, June 2010. EUR-OCEANS / Europole Mer 2010 Conference. [ bib | .pdf ]
[11] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, and M. Jochum. Robust validation of ENSO in IPCC-class coupled models. In EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, May 2010. [ bib ]
[12] I. Grooms, K. Julien, and B. Fox-Kemper. Multiple-scale asymptotics for oceanic fluid dynamics: Coupled planetary- and quasi-geostrophic equations. In Bulletin of the American Physical Society, volume 55 of 64th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, page BAPS.2010.DFD.EG.5. APS, Nov. 2010. [ bib | http ]
[13] B. Fox-Kemper. Sub-Rossby-radius and subgrid in global climate models (invited). In Below the Rossby Radius: Workshop on small-scale variability in the general circulation of the atmosphere and oceans, Schloss Tremsbüttel, Sept 2010. KlimaCampus Hamburg Workshop. [ bib | .pdf ]
[14] E. C. Baldwin-Stevens, B. Fox-Kemper, B. D. Hamlington, and A. Webb. Comparisons of turbulent Langmuir number as derived from TOPEX altimetry, ERA40 reanalysis, and the NOAA WaveWatch3 model. In Eos Trans. AGU 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 91(26), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Portland, OR, Feb 2010. Abstract PO35F-01. [ bib ]
[15] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, M. Jochum, B. Rajagopalan, and S. G. Yeager. A new method for diagnosing natural ENSO variability on decadal to centennial timescales. In Eos Trans. AGU 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 91(26), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Portland, OR, Feb 2010. Abstract PO45O-06. [ bib ]
[16] F. O. Bryan, B. Fox-Kemper, and J. M. Dennis. Quantifying the global distribution of mixing by ocean mesoscale eddies. In Eos Trans. AGU 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 91(26), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Portland, OR, Feb 2010. Abstract PO33D-04. [ bib ]
[17] A. Webb, B. Fox-Kemper, W. G. Large, and S. Peacock. Demonstrated sensitivity to Langmuir mixing in a global climate model (ccsm). In Eos Trans. AGU 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 91(26), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., pages Abstract PO31B-04, Portland, OR, Feb 2010. [ bib ]
[18] C. Eden, G. Danabasoglu, P. Gent, and B. Fox-Kemper. Beyond GM - a symposium on oceanic eddy fluxes. Boulder, CO, Mar 2010. Climate and Global Division Symposium. [ bib | .pdf ]
[19] S. Bachman, F. O. Bryan, J. M. Dennis, and B. Fox-Kemper. A fine-resolution eddy challenge suite for evaluation of eddy parameterizations. In Eos Trans. AGU 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 91(26), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Portland, OR, Feb 2010. Abstract PO15G-02. [ bib ]
[20] B. Fox-Kemper, S. Bachman, A. R. Margolin, F. O. Bryan, and J. M. Dennis. Mixed layer eddy parameterization: Theory, impact, and comparison with mesoscale eddy parameterizations (invited). In Eos Trans. AGU 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 91(26), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Portland, OR, Feb 2010. Abstract PO53E-05. [ bib ]
[21] B. Fox-Kemper. Climate change basics: Science, adaptation, & mitigation with a family forest perspective. In Research Partners Group, Coeur D'Alene, ID, June 2009. American Forestry Foundation. [ bib | .pdf ]
[22] B. Fox-Kemper, A. Webb, E. Baldwin-Stevens, K. Julien, G. Chini, and E. Knobloch. Windrows in global models: Does Langmuir mixing matter for climate. In ATOC Poster Conference, Boulder, CO, Dec 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[23] B. Fox-Kemper. Near-surface subgridscale parameterizations. In 14th CCSM Conference, Breckenridge, CO, Jun 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[24] A. Webb and B. Fox-Kemper. Global model sensitivity to parameterizing Langmuir circulation. In CIRES Rendezvous, Boulder, CO, Apr 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[25] B. Fox-Kemper. Submesoscale dynamics and parameterization. In WGOMD Workshop on Ocean Mesoscale Eddies, UK Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK, Apr. 2009. CLIVAR Working Group on Ocean Model Development. [ bib | http ]
[26] B. Fox-Kemper, A. Webb, E. Baldwin-Stevens, K. Julien, G. Chini, and E. Knobloch. Windrows in global models: Does Langmuir mixing matter for climate. In CIRES Innovative Research Poster Conference, Boulder, CO, Nov 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[27] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, and M. Jochum. Decadal changes in CCSM3.5 ENSO dynamics. In CIRES Rendezvous, Boulder, CO, Apr 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[28] B. Fox-Kemper and R. Ferrari. An eddifying Parsons' model. In CIRES Rendezvous, Boulder, CO, Apr 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[29] B. Fox-Kemper. Physics problems for the future of global ocean modeling. In Scripps Institution of Oceanography Joint CASPO/PO Seminar, San Diego, CA, Jan 2009. [ bib | .pdf ]
[30] S. Stevenson. Diagnosing ENSO Variability in the CCSM3.5. In Urbino Summer School in Paleoclimatology, Urbino, Italy, June 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[31] B. Fox-Kemper, M. Jochum, P. Molnar, C. Shields, and S. Stevenson. Modeling the Indonesian Throughflow and ENSO: Past and present. In Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Meeting, Estes Park, CO, Sept 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[32] B. Fox-Kemper. 21st century Joe. In Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Seminar to Honor Joe Pedlosky, Woods Hole, MA, Aug 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[33] A. Webb and B. Fox-Kemper. Global model sensitivity to parameterizing Langmuir circulation. In ATOC Poster Conference, Boulder, CO, Oct 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[34] S. Stevenson, B. Fox-Kemper, and M. Jochum. Decadal and centennial ENSO variability via lag-correlation analysis. In AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[35] B. Fox-Kemper, A. Webb, S. Peacock, W. Large, G. Danabasoglu, G. Chini, and K. Julien. Langmuir parameterization: one way to mess with CFCs. In NCAR Ocean Model Working Group Meeting, Boulder, CO, Dec 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[36] B. Fox-Kemper. 1d, 2d, and 3d simulations of hurricane wake restratification. In ONR Typhoon Impacts in the Pacific Planning Meeting, Seattle, WA., Nov 2008. [ bib | .pdf ]
[37] B. Fox-Kemper. Restratification by mixed layer eddies. In AMS 16th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, Santa Fe, NM, June 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
[38] B. Fox-Kemper. Mixed layer restratification. In Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Physical Oceanography Seminar, Woods Hole, MA, Feb 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
[39] B. Fox-Kemper. Mixed layer restratification. In CIRES/ATOC Seminar, Boulder, CO, Mar 2007. [ bib | .pdf ]
[40] B. Fox-Kemper. Modeling and parameterizing mixed layer eddies. In Los Alamos National Lab COSIM Seminar, Los Alamos, NM, Mar 2006. [ bib | .pdf ]
[41] B. Fox-Kemper and R. Ferrari. Restratification by mixed layer instabilities. In GTP Workshop on Coherent Structures in Atmosphere and Ocean, Boulder, CO, July 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
[42] B. Fox-Kemper and R. Ferrari. Restratification by mixed layer instabilities. In 15th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge, MA, June 2005. [ bib | .pdf ]
[43] B. Fox-Kemper. Counter-rotating gyres as a non-local effect of resonating basin modes. In AGU 2004 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Portland, OR, Jan 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
[44] B. Fox-Kemper and R. Ferrari. Modeling eddy-mixed layer interaction. In CPT-EMiLIE Workshop, Providence, RI, Nov 2004. [ bib | .pdf ]
[45] B. Fox-Kemper. Reevaluating the roles of eddies in the barotropic multiple-gyre ocean model. In 14th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, San Antonio, TX, June 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]
[46] B. Fox-Kemper. Eddies, waves, and friction: Understanding the mean circulation in a barotropic ocean model. In Johns Hopkins U. Environmental Fluid Mechanics Seminar, Baltimore, MD, Oct 2003. [ bib | .pdf ]

This file was generated by bibtex2html 1.94.

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. 0612143, 0612159, 0825614, 0855010, 0913800, and 0934737, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grants No. NNX09AF38G and NNX09AO20H, the University of Colorado, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding sources.