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Konrad Steffen Publications

Peer-Reviewed Publications 

  1. Steffen, K., Lokale Schneeverteilung auf Axel Heiberg Island, NWT Geographica Helvetica, 32(4), 195-202, 1977.
  2. Steffen, K., Mount Rundle, Geographica Helvetica, 32(4), 219-221, 1977.
  3. Steffen, K., and F. Müller, Local snow distribution on Axel Heiberg Island, Canada: an empirical method of extrapolation from snow-course data on White Glacier, Polar Geography and Geology, 4(4), 211-223, 1980.
  4. Steffen, K., Sea ice classification from TIR, International Archives of ISPRS, Vol. 34-VII/1, 767-776, 1982.
  5. Steffen, K., Warm Water cells in the North Water, northern Baffin Bay during winter. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C5), 9129-9136, 1985.
  6. Steffen, K., and A. Ohmura, Heat exchange and surface conditions in the North Water, Northern Baffin Bay, Annals of Glaciology, 6, 178-181, 1985.
  7. Steffen, K., Ice conditions of an arctic polynya: North Water in winter, J. Glaciology, 32(112), 383-390, 1986.
  8. Steffen, K., Bidirectional reflectance of snow at 500 - 600 nm, IAHS publication, 166, 415-425, 1987.
  9. Steffen, K., Fractures in arctic winter pack ice, North Water, northern Baffin Bay, Annals of Glaciology, 9, 211-214, 1987.
  10. Steffen K., and J.E. Lewis, Surface temperatures and sea ice typing for northern Baffin Bay, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 9(3), 409-422, 1988.
  11. Steffen K., and J.M. Maslanik, Comparison of Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer radiance and derived sea ice concentration with Landsat imagery for the North Water area of Baffin Bay, J. Geophys. Res., 93(C9), 10,769-10,781, 1988.
  12. Steffen K., and A.J. Schweiger, Sensitivity of passive microwave sea ice concentration algorithms to the selection of locally and seasonally adjusted tie points, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Quantitative Remote Sensing, 2, 773-776, 1989.
  13. Schweiger A.J., and K. Steffen, Comparison of sea ice parameters retrieved from passive microwave (SSM/I), Landsat MSS and AVHRR imagery, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Quantitative Remote Sensing, 2, 769-772, 1989.
  14. Steffen, K., and A.J. Schweiger, A multisensor approach to sea ice classification for the validation of DMSP-SSM/I passive microwave derived sea ice products, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 55, 75-82, 1990.
  15. Steffen, K., Energy flux density estimation over sea ice based on satellite passive microwave measurements, Annals of Glaciology, 15, 178-183, 1991.
  16. Steffen, K., and A. Schweiger. NASA team algorithm for sea ice concentration retrieval from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program special sensor microwave imager: comparison with Landsat satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 96(C12), 21,971-21,987, 1991.
  17. Emery, W.J., M. Radebaugh, C.W. Fowler, D. Cavalieri, and K. Steffen. An intercomparison of sea ice parameters computed from AVHRR and Landsat satellite imagery and from airborne passive microwave radiometry, J. Geophys. Res., 96(C12), 22,075-22,086, 1991.
  18. Steffen, K., and A. Schweiger, Ocean surface energy flux estimates from satellite data in Arctic regions, Marine Technol. Society, Volume II, 434-440, 1992.
  19. Steffen, K, W. Abdalati, and J. Stroeve. Climate sensitivity studies of the Greenland ice sheet using satellite AVHRR, SMMR, SSM/I and in situ data, Meteorology and Atmosph. Physics, 239-258, 1993.           
  20. Steffen, K., R. Bindschadler, J. Comiso, D. Eppler, F. Fetterer, J. Hawkins, J. Key, D. Rothrock, R. Thomas, and R. Weaver, Snow and ice applications of AVHRR in polar regions, Annals of Glaciology, 17,  1-16, 1993.
  21. Haefliger, M., K. Steffen, C. Fowler, AVHRR surface temperature and narrow-band albedo comparison with ground measurements for the Greenland ice sheet, Annals of Glaciology, 17, 49-54, 1993.
  22. Barry, R.G., J. Maslanik, K. Steffen, R.L. Weaver, V. Troisi, D.J. Cavalieri, and S. Martin, Advances in sea-ice research based on remotely sensed passive microwave data, Oceanography, 6(1), 4-12, 1993.
  23. Steffen, K., and J. Heinrichs, Feasibility of sea ice typing with Synthetic Aperture Radar: merging of Landsat Thematic mapper and ERS-1 SAR satellite imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 99(C11), 22,413-22,424, 1994.
  24. Steffen, K., Surface energy exchange during the onset of melt at the equilibrium line altitude of the Greenland ice sheet, Annals of Glaciology, 21, 13-18, 1995.
  25. Abdalati, W.,  K. Steffen, and K. Jezek, Comparison of brightness temperatures from SSM/I instruments on the DMSP F8 and F11 satellites for Antarctica and Greenland ice sheet, Intern. J. Rem. Sens., 16(7), 1223-1229, 1995.
  26. Abdalati, W., and K. Steffen, Passive microwave-derived snow melt regions on the Greenland ice sheet, Geophys. Res. Letters, 22(7), 787-790, 1995.
  27. Steffen, K., and T. DeMaria, Surface energy fluxes of Arctic winter sea ice in Barrow Strait, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 2067-2079, 1996.
  28. Stroeve, J., M. Haefliger, and K. Steffen, Surface temperature from ERS-1 ATSR infra-red thermal satellite data in polar regions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 1231-1239, 1996.
  29. Abdalati, W., and K. Steffen, Snow melt on the Greenland ice sheet as derived from passive microwave satellite data, J. Climate, 10, 165-175, 1997.
  30. Abdalati, W., and K. Steffen, The apparent effects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption on the Greenland ice sheet melt extent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(14),1795-1797, 1997.
  31. Stroeve, J., A. Nolin, and K. Steffen, Comparison of AVHRR-derived and in situ surface albedo over the Greenland ice sheet, Rem. Sens. Env., 62, 262-277, 1997.
  32. Steffen, K., Hemispheric and directional reflectance of snow: Observations on the Greenland ice Sheet, IRS ’96: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, Eds. W. Smith and K. Stamnes, Deepak Publishing, 41-44, 1997.
  33. Serreze, M.C., J.R. Key, J. E. Box, J.A. Maslanik, and K. Steffen, A new monthly climatology of global radiation for the Arctic and comparison with NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and ISCCP-C2 fields, J. Climate, 11, 121-136, 1998.
  34. Stroeve, J., and K. Steffen, Variability of AVHRR-derived clear-sky surface temperature over the Greenland ice sheet, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 23-31, 1998.
  35. Anklin, M., R.C. Bales. E. Mosley-Thompson, and K. Steffen, Annual accumulation at two sites in northwester Greenland during recent centuries, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D22), 28775-28,783, 1998.
  36. Abdalati, W., K. Steffen, Accumulation and hoar effects on microwave emission on the Greenland ice sheet dry snow zones, J. Glaciology, 44(14), 523-531, 1998.
  37. Steffen, K., W. Abdalati, and I. Seherjal, Faceted crystal formation on NE-Greenland low accumulation region, J. Glaciology, 45(149), 63-68, 1999.
  38. Steffen, K., Radiation climatology of the Greenland ice sheet: Seasonal and interannual variations, IRS: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation 2000.
  39. Weaver, R., K. Steffen, J. Heinrichs, J. Maslanik, and G. Flato, Data assimilation in sea ice monitoring, Annals of Glaciology, 31, 327-332, 2000.
  40. Shuman, C., K. Steffen, J. Box, and C. Stearn, A dozen years of temperature observations at the Summit: Central Greenland automatic weather stations 1987-1999, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40(4),741-752, 2001.
  41. Steffen, K., and J. Heinrichs, C-band SAR backscatter characteristics of Arctic sea ice and land during winter, Atmosphere-Ocean, 39(3), 289-299, 2001.
  42. Thomas, R., and PARCA instigators, Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA): Goals, key findings, and future directions, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,691-33706, 2001.
  43. Steffen, K., and J.E. Box, Surface climatology of the Greenland ice sheet: Greenland climate network 1995-1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,951-33,964, 2001.
  44. Box, J.E. and K. Steffen, Sublimation on the Greenland ice sheet from automated weather station observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,965-33,982, 2001.
  45. Abdalati, W. and K. Steffen, Greenland ice sheet melt extent: 1979-1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,983-33,989, 2001.
  46. Mosley-Thompson, E., J.R. McConnell, R.C. Bales, Z. Li, P.-N. Lin, K. Steffen, L.G. Thompson, R. Edwards, D.  Bathke, Local to regional-scale variability of annual net accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet from PARCA cores, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,839-33852, 2001.
  47. Nghiem, S.V., K. Steffen, R. Kwok, and W.Y. Tsai, Diurnal variations of melt regions on the Greenland ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 47(159), 539-547, 2001.
  48. Cassano, J.J., J.E. Box, D.H. Bromwich, L. Li, and K. Steffen, Evaluation of Polar MM5 simulations of Greenland's atmospheric circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D24), 33,867-33,890, 2001.
  49. Bromwhich, D., J. Cassano, T. Klein, G. Heinemann, K. Hines, K. Steffen and J. Box, Mesoscale modeling of katabatic winds over Greenland with Polar MM5, Mon. Weather Review, 129, 2290-2309, 2001.
  50. Comiso, J.C., and K. Steffen, Studies of Antarctic sea ice concentrations from satellite data and their applications, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C12), 31,361-31,386, 2001.
  51. Cullen, N., and K. Steffen, Unstable near-surface boundary conditions in summer on top of the Greenland ice sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(23), 4491-4494, 2001.
  52. Steffen, K., Solar zenith dependence of anisotropic reflectance of snow, IRS ‘02: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, 2002.
  53. Jacobi, H.W., M.M. Fey, M.A. Hutterli, R.C. Bales, N.J. Cullen, K. Steffen and C. Koehler, Long-term measurements of hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde exchange between the atmosphere and surface snow at Summit, Greenland, Atm. Environm., 36, 2619-2628, 2002.
  54. Helmig, D, J. Boulter, D. David, J. Birk, N. Cullen, K. Steffen, B. Johsnon, S. Oltmans, Ozone and meteorological boundary-layer conditions at Summit, Greenland, Atm. Environm., 36, 2595-2608, 2002.
  55. Honrath, R.E. Y.Y. Lu, M.C. Peterson, J.E. Dibb, M.A. Arseault, N.J. Cullen, and K. Steffen. vertical fluxes of NOx, HONO, and HNO3 above the snowpack at Summit, Greenland. Atm. Environm, 36, 2629-2640, 2002.
  56. Dassau, T.M., A. Sumer, S. Koeniger, P. Shepson, J. Yang, R. Honrath, N. Cullen, K. Steffen, Investigation of the role of the snowpack on atmospheric formaldehyde chemistry at Summit, Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), ACH 9.1-14, 36, 2595-2608, 2002.
  57. Zwally, H.J. W. Abdalati, T. Herring, K. Larsen, J. Saba, and K. Steffen. Surface melt-induced acceleration of Greenland ice-sheet flow, Science, 297, 218-222, 2002.
  58. Thomas, R.H., W. Abdalati, E. Frederick, W.B. Krabill, S. Manizade, and K. Steffen, Investigation of surface melting and dynamic thinning on Jakobshavn Isbrea, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 49(165), 231-239, 2003.
  59. Smith, L.C., Y. Sheng, R.R. Foster, K. Steffen, K.E. Frey, and D.E. Alsdorf, Melting of small Arctic ice caps observed from ERS scatterometer time series, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(20), CRY 2-14, 2003.
  60. Steffen, K., S.V. Nghiem, R. Huff, and G. Neumann, The melt anomaly of 2002 on the Greenland Ice Sheet from active and passive microwave satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(20), L2040210.1029/2004GL020444, 2004.
  61. Orr, A., E. Hanna, J. Hunt, J. Cappelen, K. Steffen and A. Stephens, Characteristics of stable flow over southern Greenland, Pure and Applied Geophysics (PAGEOPH), 161(7), 2004.
  62. Nghiem, S,V., K. Steffen, G. Neumann, and R. Huff, Mapping of ice layer extent and snow accumulation in the percolation zone of the Greenland ice sheet, J. Geophys., Res., 110, F02017, doi:10.1029/2004JF000234, 2005.
  63. Hanna, H.,  P.Huybrechts, I. Janssens, J..Cappelen, K. Steffen, and A. Stephens, Runoff and mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet: 1958–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D13108, doi:10.1029/2004JD005641, 2005.
  64. Box, J.E., D.H. Bromwich, B.A. Veenhuis, L-S Bai, J.C. Stroeve, J.C. Rogers, K. Steffen, T. Haran, S-H Wang, Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance Variability (1988-2004) from Calibrated Polar MM5 Output, J. Climate, 19 (12), 2783-2800, 2006.
  65. Cullen, N. J., T. Mölg, G. Kaser, K. Hussein, K. Steffen, and D. R. Hardy, Kilimanjaro Glaciers: Recent areal extent from satellite data and new interpretation of observed 20th century retreat rates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16502, doi:10.1029/2006GL027084, 2006.
  66. Cullen, N.J., K. Steffen, and P. D Blanken, Nonstationarity of Turbulent Heat Fluxes at Summit, Greenland,  Boundary-Layer Meteorology, DOI 10.1007/s10546-006-9112-2, 2006.
  67. Herzfeld, U.C., J.E. Box, K. Steffen, H. Mayer, N.Caine, and M. Losleben, A case study on the influence of snow and ice surface roughness on melt energy, Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeology, 39, 1-42, 2006.
  68. Nghiem, S.V., , K. Steffen, G. Neumann, and R. Huff, Snow Accumulation and Snowmelt Monitoring in Greenland and Antarctica, International Association of Geodesy Publication, Dynamic Planet , Chapter 5, 31-38, 2007.
  69. Parry, V., P. Mair, J. Scott, B. Hubbard, K. Steffen, and D.  Wingham, Investigations of meltwater refreezing and density variations in the snowpack and firn within the percolation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 46, 621-68, 2007.
  70. Cullen, N.J., Mölg, T., Kaser, G., K. Steffen, and D. R. Hardy, Energy Balance Model Validation on the top of Kilimanjaro using Eddy Covariance Data, Ann. Glaciol., 46, 227-233, 2007.
  71. Painter, T.H., N.P. Molotch, M. Cassidy, M. Flanner, and K. Steffen, Contact spectroscopy for determination of stratigraphy of snow grain size, J. Glaciol,53(180) 121-127, 2007.
  72. Wang, L., M. Sharp, B. Rivard, and K. Steffen, Melt duration and ice layer formation on the Greenland ice sheet, 2000-2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F04013, doi:10.1029/2007JF000760 2007.
  73. Hanna , E., P. Huybrechts, K. Steffen, J. Cappelen, R. Huff, Ch. Shuman, T. Irvine-Fynn, S. Wise, and  M. Griffiths. Increased runoff from melt from the Greenland Ice Sheet: a response to global warming. J. Climate, 21, 331-341, DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1964.1, 2008.
  74. Rignot, E., and K. Steffen, Channelized bottom melting and stability of floating ice shelves, Geophys. Res., Lett., 35, L02503, doi:10.1029/2007GL031765, 2008.
  75. Comiso, J.C., and K. Steffen, Introduction to special section on Large-Scale Characteristics of the Sea Ice Cover from AMSR-E and Other Satellite Sensors, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S01, doi:10.1029/2007JC004442, 2008.
  76. Hall, D.K., J.E. Box, K.A. Casey, S.J. Hook, C.A. Shuman and K. Steffen, Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland, Remote Sensing of the Environment, 112(10), 3739-3749, 2008.
  77. Mernild, S., G. Liston, Ch. Hiemstra, K. Steffen, Surface melt area and water balance modeling on the Greenland ice sheet 1995-2005, J. Hydrometeorology, 9, DOI: 10.1175/2008JHM957.1, 2008.
  78. Steffen, K., P.U. Clark, J.G. Cogley, D. Holland, S. Marshall, E. Rignot, and R. Thomas, Rapid changes in glaciers and ice sheets and their impacts on sea level. In: Abrupt Climate Change. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 60–142, 2008.
  79. Clark, P.U., A.J. Weaver, E. Brook, E.R. Cook, T.L. Delworth, and K. Steffen, Executive Summary. In: Abrupt Climate Change. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 1–7, 2008.
  80. Doherty, S.J., S. Bojinksi, A. Henderson-Sellers,K. Noone,  D. Goodrich, N.L. Bindoff, J.A. Church, K.A. Hibbard, T.R. Karl, L. Kaiifez-Bogataj, A.H. Lynch, D.E. Parker, I.C. Prentrice, V. Ramaswamy,  R.J. Simmons, M.S. Smith, K. Steffen, T.F. Stocker, P.W. Thorne, K. E. Trenberth, M.M. Vestraete, and F.W. Zwiers, Lessons learned from IPCC AR4: Future scientific developments needed to understand, predict and respond to climate change, BAM, 90(4), 497-513, 2009.
  81. Mernild, S.D., G.E. Liston, C.A., Hiemstra, C.A., and K. Steffen, Record 2007 Greenland ice sheet surface melt extent and runoff, EOS, 90, 13-14, (Jan 13), 2009.
  82. Rial., J., C. Tang, and K. Steffen, Glacial Rumblings from Greenland’s Jakobshavn Ice Stream, J. Glaciol., 15(191), 398-399, 2009.
  83. Mernild, S.H., G.E. Liston, C.A. Hiemstra, K. Steffen, E. Hanna, and J.H. Christensen, Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass-balance modeling and freshwater flux for 2007, and in a 1995–2007 perspective, Hydrological Processes, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7354, 2009.
  84. Fausto, R.S., A.P. Ahlstram, D. Van As, S.J. Johnsen, P.L. Langen , and K.Steffen, Improving surface boundary conditions with focus on coupling snow densification and meltwater retention in large-scale ice sheet models of Greenland, J. Glaciol., 55(193), 869-878, 2009.
  85. Dahl-Jensen, D., J. Bamber, C.E. Bøggild E. Buch, J.H. Christensen, K. Dethloff , M. Fahnestock, S. Marshall, M. Rosing, K. Steffen, R. Thomas, M, . Truffer, M. van den Broeke and C.J. van der Veen. AMAP 2009. The Greenland ice sheet in a changing climate: snow, ice and permafrost (SWIPS), 2009. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, 115p., ISBN 13 978 82 7971 052 3.
  86. Munneke, P.K., M. R. van den Broeke, C. H. Reijmer, M. M. Helsen, W. Boot, M. Schneebeli, and K. Steffen, The role of radiation penetration in the energy budget of the snowpack at Summit, Greenland. The Cryosphere, 3, 277-306, 2009.
  87. Merlind, S.H., G. Liston, K. Steffen, and P. Chylek, Meltwater flux and runoff modeling in the ablation area of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland. J. Glaciol., 56(195), 20-32, 2010.
  88. Ettema, J.,  M. R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W. J. van de Berg, J. E. Box, and K. Steffen, Climate of the Greenland ice sheet using a high-resolution climate model, Part 1: Evaluation, The Cryosphere, 4, 511–527, doi:10.5194/tc-4-511-2010,2010.
  89. Mernild, S.H., G. E. Liston, K. Steffen, M. van den Broeke, and B. Hasholt, Runoff and mass balance simulations from the Greenland Ice Sheet at Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord) in a 30-year perspective, 1979–2008, The Cryosphere, 4, 231-242, doi:10.5194/tc-4-231-2010, 2010.
  90. Mernild, S.H., G. E. Liston, I.M. Howat, Y. Ahn, K. Steffen, B.H. Jakobsen, B. Hasholt, B. Fog, and D. van As, Freshwater flux to Sermilik Fjord, SE Greenland, The Cryosphere., 4, 453-465, 2010, doi:10.5194/tcd-4-453-2010.
  91. McGrath, D., K. Steffen, I. Overeem, S. Mernild, B. Hasholt, and M. van der Broeke, Sediment plumes as a proxy for local ice sheet runoff on the Kangerlussuaq Fjord, West Greenland. J. Glaciol., 56(199), 813-821, 2010.
  92. Phillips, T., H. Rajaram, K. Steffen, Cryo-hydrologic warming: A potential mechanism for rapid thermal response of ice sheets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20503, doi:10.1029/2010GL044397, 2010.
  93. Steen-Larsen, H.C.,   V. Masson-Delmotte, J. Sjolte, S.J. Johnsen, B.M. Vinther, F-M Bréon, H.B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, S. Falourd, X. Fettweis, H. Gallée , J. Jouzel, M. Kageyama, H. Lerche, B. Minster, G. Picard, H. J. Punge, C. Risi5, D. Salas, J. Schwander, K. Steffen, A E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, A. Svensso , J. White, Understanding the climatic signal in the water stable isotope records from the NEEM shallow firn/ice cores in North-West Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2010.

Book Chapters  and Books   

  1. Steffen, K., J. Comiso, K. StGermain, P. Gloersen, J. Key, and I. Rubinstein, Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice: Chapter 10: The Estimation of Geophysical Parameters Using Passive Microwave Algorithms, ed. F. Carsey,  AGU Monograph, 201-228, 1992.
  2. Grenfell, T.C., D. Cavalieri, D. Comiso, and K. Steffen, Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice Chapter 14: Considerations for Microwave Remote Sensing of Thin Sea Ice,  ed. F. Carsey, AGU Monograph, 291-300, 1992.
  3. Seelye, M., K. Steffen, and D. Cavalieri, Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice: Chapter 15: Microwave Remote Sensing of Polynyas, ed. F. Carsey,  AGU Monograph,  303-312, 1992.
  4. Steffen, K., AVHRR applications for ice surface studies; in: Oceanographic Applications of Remote Sensing, ed. M. Ikeda and F. W. Dobson, CRC Press, INC., 307-320, 1995.
  5. Steffen, K. R. Thomas, E. Rignot, G. Cogley, M. Dyurgerov, S. Raper , P. Huybrechts, E. Hanna, Cryospheric Contributions to Sea Level Variability, Cambridge Press (Book Chapter) in press, 2007.
  6. Becker, O.O. and K. Steffen, Above Zero, Hatje Cantz Verlag, Austria, pp.175, ISBN 978-3-7757-2437-1, 2009.
  7. Njastad, K., R. Armstrong, R.W. Corell, D.D. Jensen, K.R. Leslie, A. Rivera, Y. Tandong, J.D. Winther, and K. Steffen. Melting snow and ice: call for action, Center for Ice, Climate and Ecosystems, Norwegian Polar Institute, pp.92, ISBN 978-82-7666-264-1, 2009.
  8. Allison, I., et al., The Copenhagen Diagnosis,: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Change, The University of South Wales Climate Change Research Center (CCRC), Sydney, Australia, pp.60, ISBN 978-0-9873216-0-6, 2009.
  9. Solomon, S., D. Battisti, S. Doney, K. Hayhoe, I.M. Held, D.P. Lettenmaier, D. Lobell, H.D. Matthews, R. Pierrehubert, M. Raphael, R. Richels, R.L. Root, K. Steffen, C. Tebalidi, G.W. Yohe, Climate Stabilization Targets: Emission, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 286, 2011.