R. Michael Hardesty
Research Interests
My research interests center around development, evaluation, and application of optical remote sensing techniques to investigate atmospheric processes. Lidar techniques can be used to investigate a broad range of phenomena, including boundary layer dynamics, winds and turbulence, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. My colleagues and I deploy lidars to obtain measurements from a variety of stationary and moving platforms, including surface vehicles, ships, aircraft, and satellites. Results of this research improve understanding, modeling, and forecasting of weather and climate processes, identify sources of particulate and gaseous air pollution, and enhance renewable energy production.
Current Research
My current research is focused on developing and deploying a Doppler lidar in space to measure wind profiles globally. Currently, observations of wind profiles come primarily from radiosondes and aircraft, and are concentrated over land masses and in the northern hemisphere. Scatterometer and atmospheric motion vectors provide additional wind information but are limited in vertical extent. Observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) indicate that space-based Doppler wind measurements assimilated into numerical forecast models will significantly improve short and medium range weather forecasts as well as reanalysis data sets used in climate studies. Working with Ball Aerospace and a CIRES postdoc, we have been investigating the performance and potential for space deployment of an Optical Autocovariance Wind Lidar (OAWL) based on a Mach-Zender interferometer to measure Doppler shift. The instrument was developed at Ball and tested on a NASA WB-57 aircraft during the summer of 2016 (Figure 1). The OAWL instrument concept is potentially well-suited for a space mission, offering the capability of measuring winds based on scatter of laser light from both molecules and aerosols using one laser transmitter and a single receiver. Primary goal of the WB-57 flights was to assess the accuracy and precision of the instrument and to verify the model used to estimate performance of such a lidar from space. Dropsondes deployed during each flight provided comparison observations to assess accuracy of the lidar measurements.
The aircraft campaign demonstrated the feasibility of the OAWL design to provide space-based, global wind measurements and served as the basis for a proposal to NASA to deploy a Doppler lidar on the International Space Station. A somewhat similar concept for space-based wind measurements has been implemented by the European Space Agency for their Aeolus wind-measuring mission (Figure 2). The Aeolus satellite was launched in August, 2018, and has been providing observations of atmospheric winds from that time. Because this is the first wind lidar in space, an important component of the mission is validation and assessment of instrument performance. The Aeolus project has assembled an international team to calibrate and validate the wind measurements, and to assess the impact of the data for improving weather forecasts. I serve as Principal Investigator for the US team working on Aeolus calibration and validation, coordinating efforts among NASA, NOAA and external partners. The effort includes aircraft and ground-based measurement campaigns, in which Doppler lidar measurements are obtained for direct comparison with Aeolus observations, comparison of Aeolus measurements with winds calculated from tracking cloud and moisture features in satellite images, and assimilation of Aeolus measurements into current numerical forecast models to evaluate forecast impact. Results of these efforts will be used to assess Aeolus performance and to plan future US missions for measuring winds from space-based platforms.

Artist’s conception of the Aeolus spacecraft. The instrument measures the radial component of the wind along a single line-of-sight directed transverse to the spacecraft motion (European Space Agency).

Wind speed (top) and direction (bottom) measured by OAWL Doppler lidar deployed on a NASA WB-57 research aircraft. Bold lines show co-located dropsonde measurements. (Baidar et al, J. Atmosphere. Ocean. Tech, 2019)
View Publications
- Stoffelen A; Benedetti A; Borde R; Dabas A; Flamant P; Forsythe M; Hardesty M; Isaksen L; Kallen E; Kornich H. (Nov 2020). Wind Profile Satellite Observation Requirements and Capabilities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 101(11), E2005-E2021. 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0202.1
- Baidar S; Bonin T; Choukulkar A; Brewer A; Hardesty M. (Jan 2020). Observation of the Urban Wind Island Effect. EPJ Web of Conferences , 237, 6009-6009. 10.1051/epjconf/202023706009
- Baidar, S, SC Tucker, M Beaubien and RM Hardesty. (Oct 2018). The Optical Autocovariance Wind Lidar. Part II: Green OAWL (GrOAWL) Airborne Performance and Validation. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 35(10). 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0025.1
- Tucker, SC, CS Weimer, S Baidar and RM Hardesty. (Oct 2018). The Optical Autocovariance Wind Lidar. Part I: OAWL Instrument Development and Demonstration. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 35(10). 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0024.1
- Wulfmeyer, V, DD Turner, B Baker, R Banta, A Behrendt, T Bonin, WA Brewer, M Buban, A Choukulkar, E Dumas, RM Hardesty, T Heus, J Ingwersen, D Lange, TR Lee, S Metzendorf, SK Muppa, T Meyers, R Newsom, M Osman, S Raasch, J Santanello, C Senff, F Spath, T Wagner and T Weckwerth. (Aug 2018). A NEW RESEARCH APPROACH FOR OBSERVING AND CHARACTERIZING LAND-ATMOSPHERE FEEDBACK. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY , 99(8). 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0009.1
- Banta, RM, YL Pichugina, WA Brewer, EP James, JB Olson, SG Benjamin, JR Carley, L Bianco, IV Djalalova, JM Wilczak, RM Hardesty, J Cline and MC Marquis. (Jun 2018). Evaluating and improving NWP forecast models for the fututre: How the Needs of Offshore Wind Energy Can Point the Way. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY , 99(6). 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0310.1
- Bonin, TA, BJ Carroll, RM Hardesty, WA Brewer, K Hajny, OE Salmon and PB Shepson. (Mar 2018). Doppler Lidar Observations of the Mixing Height in Indianapolis Using an Automated Composite Fuzzy Logic Approach. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 35(3). 10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0159.1
- Stith JL; Baumgardner D; Haggerty J; Hardesty RM; Lee W-C; Lenschow D; Pilewskie P; Smith PL; Steiner M; Vömel H. (Jan 2018). 100 Years of Progress in Atmospheric Observing Systems. Meteorological Monographs- American Meteorological Society , 59, 2.1-2.55. 10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0006.1
- Heimburger, AMF, RM Harvey, PB Shepson, BH Stirm, C Gore, J Turnbull, MOL Cambaliza, OE Salmon, AEM Kerlo, TN Lavoie, KJ Davis, T Lauvaux, A Karion, C Sweeney, WA Brewer, RM Hardesty and KR Gurney. (Jun 2017). Assessing the optimized precision of the aircraft mass balance method for measurement of urban greenhouse gas emission rates through averaging. ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE , 5. 10.1525/elementa.134
- Pichugina, YL, WA Brewer, RM Banta, A Choukulkar, CTM Clack, MC Marquis, BJ McCarty, AM Weickmann, SP Sandberg, RD Marchbanks and RM Hardesty. (Jun 2017). Properties of the offshore low level jet and rotor layer wind shear as measured by scanning Doppler Lidar. WIND ENERGY , 20(6). 10.1002/we.2075
- Sarmiento, DP, KJ Davis, AJ Deng, T Lauvaux, A Brewer and M Hardesty. (May 2017). A comprehensive assessment of land surface-atmosphere interactions in a WRF/Urban modeling system for Indianapolis, IN. ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE , 5. 10.1525/elementa.132
- Davis, KJ, AJ Deng, T Lauvaux, NL Miles, SJ Richardson, DP Sarmiento, KR Gurney, RM Hardesty, TA Bonin, WA Brewer, BK Lamb, PB Shepson, RM Harvey, MO Cambaliza, C Sweeney, JC Turnbull, J Whetstone and A Karion. (May 2017). The Indianapolis Flux Experiment (INFLUX): A test-bed for developing urban greenhouse gas emission measurements. ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE , 5. 10.1525/elementa.188
- Deng, AJ, T Lauvaux, KJ Davis, BJ Gaudet, N Miles, SJ Richardson, K Wu, DP Sarmiento, RM Hardesty, TA Bonin, WA Brewer and KR Gurney. (May 2017). Toward reduced transport errors in a high resolution urban CO2 inversion system. ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE , 5. 10.1525/elementa.133
- Choukulkar, A, WA Brewer, SP Sandberg, A Weickmann, TA Bonin, RM Hardesty, JK Lundquist, R Delgado, GV Iungo, R Ashton, M Debnath, L Bianco, JM Wilczak, S Oncley and D Wolfe. (Jan 2017). Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES , 10(1). 10.5194/amt-10-247-2017
- Choukulkar, A, Y Pichugina, CTM Clack, R Calhoun, R Banta, A Brewer and M Hardesty. (Aug 2016). A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting. WIND ENERGY , 19(8). 10.1002/we.1929
- Wulfmeyer, V, SK Muppa, A Behrendt, E Hammann, F Spath, Z Sorbjan, DD Turner and RM Hardesty. (Feb 2016). Determination of Convective Boundary Layer Entrainment Fluxes, Dissipation Rates, and the Molecular Destruction of Variances: Theoretical Description and a Strategy for Its Confirmation with a Novel Lidar System Synergy. JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES , 73(2). 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0392.1
- Baidar, S, RM Hardesty, SW Kim, AO Langford, H Oetjen, CJ Senff, M Trainer and R Volkamer. (Nov 2015). Weakening of the weekend ozone effect over Californias South Coast Air Basin. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 42(21). 10.1002/2015GL066419
- Abari, CF, XZ Chu, RM Hardesty and J Mann. (Oct 2015). A reconfigurable all-fiber polarization-diversity coherent Doppler lidar: principles and numerical simulations. APPLIED OPTICS , 54(30). 10.1364/AO.54.008999
- Atlas, R, RN Hoffman, ZZ Ma, GD Emmitt, SA Wood, S Greco, S Tucker, L Bucci, B Annane, RM Hardesty and S Murillo. (Sep 2015). Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) to Evaluate the Potential Impact of an Optical Autocovariance Wind Lidar (OAWL) on Numerical Weather Prediction. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 32(9). 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0038.1
- Wulfmeyer, V, RM Hardesty, DD Turner, A Behrendt, MP Cadeddu, P Di Girolamo, P Schlussel, J Van Baelen and F Zus. (Sep 2015). A review of the remote sensing of lower tropospheric thermodynamic profiles and its indispensable role for the understanding and the simulation of water and energy cycles. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS , 53(3). 10.1002/2014RG000476
- Karion, A, C Sweeney, EA Kort, PB Shepson, A Brewer, M Cambaliza, SA Conley, K Davis, AJ Deng, M Hardesty, SC Herndon, T Lauvaux, T Lavoie, D Lyon, T Newberger, G Petron, C Rella, M Smith, S Wolter, TI Yacovitch and P Tans. (Jul 2015). Aircraft-Based Estimate of Total Methane Emissions from the Barnett Shale Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY , 49(13). 10.1021/acs.est.5b00217
- Banta, RM, YL Pichugina, WA Brewer, JK Lundquist, ND Kelley, SP Sandberg, RJ Alvarez, RM Hardesty and AM Weickmann. (May 2015). 3D Volumetric Analysis of Wind Turbine Wake Properties in the Atmosphere Using High-Resolution Doppler Lidar. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 32(5). 10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00078.1
- Petron, G, A Karion, C Sweeney, BR Miller, SA Montzka, GJ Frost, M Trainer, P Tans, A Andrews, J Kofler, D Helmig, D Guenther, E Dlugokencky, P Lang, T Newberger, S Wolter, B Hall, P Novelli, A Brewer, S Conley, M Hardesty, R Banta, A White, D Noone, D Wolfe and R Schnell. (Jun 2014). A new look at methane and nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 119(11). 10.1002/2013JD021272
- Baker, WE, R Atlas, C Cardinali, A Clement, GD Emmitt, BM Gentry, RM Hardesty, E Kallen, MJ Kavaya, R Langland, ZZ Ma, M Masutani, W McCarty, RB Pierce, ZX Pu, LP Riishojgaard, J Ryan, S Tucker, M Weissmann and JG Yoe. (Apr 2014). LIDAR-MEASURED WIND PROFILES The Missing Link in the Global Observing System. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY , 95(4). 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00164.1
- Karion, A, C Sweeney, G Petron, G Frost, RM Hardesty, J Kofler, BR Miller, T Newberger, S Wolter, R Banta, A Brewer, E Dlugokencky, P Lang, SA Montzka, R Schnell, P Tans, M Trainer, R Zamora and S Conley. (Aug 2013). Methane emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 40(16). 10.1002/grl.50811
- Neely, RR, M Hayman, R Stillwell, JP Thayer, RM Hardesty, M O'Neill, MD Shupe and C Alvarez. (Aug 2013). Polarization Lidar at Summit, Greenland, for the Detection of Cloud Phase and Particle Orientation. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 30(8). 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00101.1
- Ryerson, TB, AE Andrews, WM Angevine, TS Bates, CA Brock, B Cairns, RC Cohen, OR Cooper, JA de Gouw, FC Fehsenfeld, RA Ferrare, ML Fischer, RC Flagan, AH Goldstein, JW Hair, RM Hardesty, CA Hostetler, JL Jimenez, AO Langford, E McCauley, SA McKeen, LT Molina, A Nenes, SJ Oltmans, DD Parrish, JR Pederson, RB Pierce, K Prather, PK Quinn, JH Seinfeld, CJ Senff, A Sorooshian, J Stutz, JD Surratt, M Trainer, R Volkamer, EJ Williams and SC Wofsy. (Jun 2013). The 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 118(11). 10.1002/jgrd.50331
- Banta, RM, YL Pichugina, ND Kelley, RM Hardesty and WA Brewer. (Jun 2013). WIND ENERGY METEOROLOGY: Insight into Wind Properties in the Turbine-Rotor Layer of the Atmosphere from High-Resolution Doppler Lidar. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY , 94(6). 10.1175/bams-d-11-00057
- Langford, AO, J Brioude, OR Cooper, CJ Senff, RJ Alvarez, RM Hardesty, BJ Johnson and SJ Oltmans. (Feb 2012). Stratospheric influence on surface ozone in the Los Angeles area during late spring and early summer of 2010. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 117. 10.1029/2011JD016766
- Pichugina, YL, RM Banta, WA Brewer, SP Sandberg and RM Hardesty. (Feb 2012). Doppler Lidar-Based Wind-Profile Measurement System for Offshore Wind-Energy and Other Marine Boundary Layer Applications. JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY , 51(2). 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-040.1
- Zaveri, RA, WJ Shaw, DJ Cziczo, B Schmid, RA Ferrare, ML Alexander, M Alexandrov, RJ Alvarez, WP Arnott, DB Atkinson, S Baidar, RM Banta, JC Barnard, J Beranek, LK Berg, F Brechtel, WA Brewer, JF Cahill, B Cairns, CD Cappa, D Chand, S China, JM Comstock, MK Dubey, RC Easter, MH Erickson, JD Fast, C Floerchinger, BA Flowers, E Fortner, JS Gaffney, MK Gilles, K Gorkowski, WI Gustafson, M Gyawali, J Hair, RM Hardesty, JW Harworth, S Herndon, N Hiranuma, C Hostetler, JM Hubbe, JT Jayne, H Jeong, BT Jobson, EI Kassianov, LI Kleinman, C Kluzek, B Knighton, KR Kolesar, C Kuang, A Kubatova, AO Langford, A Laskin, N Laulainen, RD Marchbanks, C Mazzoleni, F Mei, RC Moffet, D Nelson, MD Obland, H Oetjen, TB Onasch, I Ortega, M Ottaviani, M Pekour, KA Prather, JG Radney, RR Rogers, SP Sandberg, A Sedlacek, CJ Senff, G Senum, A Setyan, JE Shilling, M Shrivastava, C Song, . (Jan 2012). Overview of the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES). ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS , 12(16). 10.5194/acp-12-7647-2012
- Langford, AO, CJ Senff, RJ Alvarez, RM Banta, RM Hardesty, DD Parrish and TB Ryerson. (Oct 2011). Comparison between the TOPAZ Airborne Ozone Lidar and In Situ Measurements during TexAQS 2006. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 28(10). 10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05043.1
- Alvarez, RJ, CJ Senff, AO Langford, AM Weickmann, DC Law, JL Machol, DA Merritt, RD Marchbanks, SP Sandberg, WA Brewer, RM Hardesty and RM Banta. (Oct 2011). Development and Application of a Compact, Tunable, Solid-State Airborne Ozone Lidar System for Boundary Layer Profiling. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 28(10). 10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05044.1
- Banta, RM, CJ Senff, RJ Alvarez, AO Langford, DD Parrish, MK Trainer, LS Darby, RM Hardesty, B Lambeth, JA Neuman, WM Angevine, J Nielsen-Gammon, SP Sandberg and AB White. (Jan 2011). Dependence of daily peak O-3 concentrations near Houston, Texas on environmental factors: Wind speed, temperature, and boundary-layer depth. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT , 45(1). 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.030
- Senff, CJ, RJ Alvarez, RM Hardesty, RM Banta and AO Langford. (Oct 2010). Airborne lidar measurements of ozone flux downwind of Houston and Dallas. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 115. 10.1029/2009JD013689
- Langford, AO, SC Tucker, CJ Senff, RM Banta, WA Brewer, RJ Alvarez, RM Hardesty, BM Lerner and EJ Williams. (Aug 2010). Convective venting and surface ozone in Houston during TexAQS 2006. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 115. 10.1029/2009JD013301
- Tucker, SC, RM Banta, AO Langford, CJ Senff, WA Brewer, EJ Williams, BM Lerner, HD Osthoff and RM Hardesty. (May 2010). Relationships of coastal nocturnal boundary layer winds and turbulence to Houston ozone concentrations during TexAQS 2006. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 115. 10.1029/2009JD013169
- Langford, AO, CJ Senff, RJ Alvarez, RM Banta and RM Hardesty. (Mar 2010). Long-range transport of ozone from the Los Angeles Basin: A case study. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 37. 10.1029/2010GL042507
- Parrish, DD, DT Allen, TS Bates, M Estes, FC Fehsenfeld, G Feingold, R Ferrare, RM Hardesty, JF Meagher, JW Nielsen-Gammon, RB Pierce, TB Ryerson, JH Seinfeld and EJ Williams. (Jul 2009). Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS). JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 114. 10.1029/2009JD011842
- Langford, AO, CJ Senff, RM Banta, RM Hardesty, RJ Alvarez, SP Sandberg and LS Darby. (Jul 2009). Regional and local background ozone in Houston during Texas Air Quality Study 2006. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 114. 10.1029/2008JD011687
- Huang, WT, XZ Chu, J Wiig, B Tan, C Yamashita, T Yuan, J Yue, SD Harrell, CY She, BP Williams, JS Friedman and RM Hardesty. (May 2009). Field demonstration of simultaneous wind and temperature measurements from 5 to 50 km with a Na double-edge magneto-optic filter in a multi-frequency Doppler lidar. OPTICS LETTERS , 34(10). 10.1364/OL.34.001552
- Tucker, SC, WA Brewer, RM Banta, CJ Senff, SP Sandberg, DC Law, AM Weickmann and RM Hardesty. (Apr 2009). Doppler Lidar Estimation of Mixing Height Using Turbulence, Shear, and Aerosol Profiles. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 26(4). 10.1175/2008JTECHA1157.1
- Tollerud, EI, F Caracena, SE Koch, BD Jamison, RM Hardesty, BJ McCarty, C Kiemle, RS Collander, DL Bartels, S Albers, B Shaw, DL Birkenheuer and WA Brewer. (Oct 2008). Mesoscale Moisture Transport by the Low-Level Jet during the IHOP Field Experiment. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW , 136(10). 10.1175/2008MWR2421.1
- Chai, TF, GR Carmichael, YH Tang, A Sandu, M Hardesty, P Pilewskie, S Whitlow, EV Browell, MA Avery, P Nedelec, JT Merrill, AM Thompson and E Williams. (May 2007). Four-dimensional data assimilation experiments with International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation ozone measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 112(D12). 10.1029/2006JD007763
- Kiemle, C, WA Brewer, G Ehret, RM Hardesty, A Fix, C Senff, M Wirth, G Poberaj and MA LeMone. (Apr 2007). Latent heat flux profiles from collocated airborne water vapor and wind lidars during IHOP_2002. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 24(4). 10.1175/JTECH1997.1
- Fehsenfeld, FC, G Ancellet, TS Bates, AH Goldstein, RM Hardesty, R Honrath, KS Law, AC Lewis, R Leaitch, S McKeen, J Meagher, DD Parrish, AAP Pszenny, PB Russell, H Schlager, J Seinfeld, R Talbot and R Zbinden. (Dec 2006). International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT): North America to Europe - Overview of the 2004 summer field study. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 111(D23). 10.1029/2006JD007829
- Machol JL; Ayers T; Schwenz KT; Koenig KW; Hardesty RM; Senff CJ; Krainak MA; Abshire JB; Bravo HE; Sandberg SP. (May 2006). Preliminary measurements with an automated compact differential absorption lidar for the profiling of water vapor: errata (vol 43, pg 3110, 2004). Applied Optics , 45(15), 3544-3544. 10.1364/AO.45.003544
- Dabberdt WF; Frederick GL; Hardesty RM; Lee WC; Underwood K. (Oct 2004). Advances in meteorological instrumentation for air quality and emergency response. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics , 87(1-3), 57-88. 10.1007/s00703-003-0061-8
- Machol, J.L., T. Ayers, K.T. Schwenz, K.W. Koenig, R.M. Hardesty, C.J. Senff, M.A. Krainak, J.B. Abshire, H.E. Bravo, and S.P. Sandberg. (May 2004). Preliminary measurements with an automated compact differential absorption lidar for the profiling of water vapor. Applied Optics , 43(15). 10.1364/AO.43.003110
- Durran DR; Maric T; Banta RM; Darby LS; Hardesty RM. (Jan 2003). A comparison of ground-based Doppler lidar and airborne in situ wind observations above complex terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 129(588), 693-713. 10.1256/qj.02.39
- Cutten DR; Rothermel J; Jarzembski MA; Hardesty RM; Howell JN; Tratt DM; Srivastava V. (Jun 2002). Radiometric calibration of an airborne CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar with a natural Earth surface. Applied Optics , 41(18), 3530-3537. 10.1364/AO.41.003530
- Gage K; Hardesty M; May P; Browell E. (Jun 2002). Tropospheric profiling - Preface. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 19(6), 833-833. 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0833:PP>2.0.CO;2
- Flamant, C, P Drobinski, L Nance, R Banta, L Darby, J Dusek, M Hardesty, J Pelon and E Richard. (Apr 2002). Gap flow in an Alpine valley during a shallow south fohn event: Observations, numerical simulations and hydraulic analogue. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY , 128(582). 10.1256/003590002320373256
- Wulfmeyer V; Randall M; Brewer A; Hardesty RM. (Sep 2000). 2-mu m Doppler lidar transmitter with high frequency stability and low chirp. Optics Letters , 25(17), 1228-1230. 10.1364/OL.25.001228
- Drobinski P; Dabas AM; Delville P; Flamant PH; Pelon J; Hardesty RM. (Mar 1999). Refractive-index structure parameter in the planetary boundary layer: comparison of measurements taken with a 10.6-mu m coherent lidar, a 0.9-mu m scintillometer, and in situ sensors. Applied Optics , 38(9), 1648-1656. 10.1364/AO.38.001648
- Alvarez RJ; Senff CJ; Hardesty RM; Parrish DD; Luke WT; Watson TB; Daum PH; Gillani N. (Dec 1998). Comparisons of airborne lidar measurements of ozone with airborne in situ measurements during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres , 103(D23), 31155-31171. 10.1029/98JD02745
- Senff, CJ, RM Hardesty, RJ Alvarez and SD Mayor. (Dec 1998). Airborne lidar characterization of power plant plumes during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 103(D23). 10.1029/98JD02625
- Feingold, G, S Yang, RM Hardesty and WR Cotton. (Oct 1998). Feasibility of retrieving cloud condensation nucleus properties from Doppler cloud radar, microwave radiometer, and lidar. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY , 15(5). 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<1188:FORCCN>2.0.CO;2
- Valente RJ; Imhoff RE; Tanner RL; Meagher JF; Daum PH; Hardesty RM; Banta RM; Alvarez RJ; McNider RT; Gillani NV. (Sep 1998). Ozone production during an urban air stagnation episode over Nashville, Tennessee. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres , 103(D17), 22555-22568. 10.1029/98JD01641
- Banta, RM, CJ Senff, AB White, M Trainer, RT McNider, RJ Valente, SD Mayor, RJ Alvarez, RM Hardesty, D Parrish and FC Fehsenfeld. (Sep 1998). Daytime buildup and nighttime transport of urban ozone in the boundary layer during a stagnation episode. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 103(D17). 10.1029/98JD01020
- Rye BJ; Hardesty RM. (Jun 1998). Errata: Estimate optimization parameters for incoherent backscatter heterodyne lidar (vol 36, pg 9425, 1997). Applied Optics , 37(18), 4016-4016. 10.1364/AO.37.004016
- Rothermel J; Cutten DR; Hardesty RM; Menzies RT; Howell JN; Johnson SC; Tratt DM; Olivier LD; Banta RM. (Apr 1998). The Multi-center Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 79(4), 581-599. 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0581:TMCACA>2.0.CO;2
- Rothermel J; Olivier LD; Banta RM; Hardesty RM; Howell JN; Cutten DR; Johnson SC; Menzies RT; Tratt DM. (Jan 1998). Remote sensing of multi-level wind fields with high-energy airborne scanning coherent Doppler lidar. Optics Express , 2(2), 40-50. 10.1364/OE.2.000040
- Rye BJ; Hardesty RM. (Dec 1997). Estimate optimization parameters for incoherent backscatter heterodyne lidar. Applied Optics , 36(36), 9425-9436. 10.1364/AO.36.009425
- Rye BJ; Hardesty RM. (Mar 1997). Detection techniques for validating Doppler estimates in heterodyne lidar. Applied Optics , 36(9), 1940-1951. 10.1364/AO.36.001940
- Fehsenfeld, FC, P Daum, WR Leaitch, M Trainer, DD Parrish and G Hubler. (Dec 1996). Transport and processing of O-3 and O-3 precursors over the North Atlantic: An overview of the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) summer intensive. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 101(D22). 10.1029/96JD01113
- Huffaker RM; Hardesty RM. (Feb 1996). Remote sensing of atmospheric wind velocities using solid-state and CO2 coherent laser systems. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 84(2), 181-204. 10.1109/5.482228
- BAKER WE; EMMITT GD; ROBERTSON F; ATLAS RM; MOLINARI JE; BOWDLE DA; PAEGLE J; HARDESTY RM; MENZIES RT; KRISHNAMURTI TN. (Jun 1995). LIDAR-MEASURED WINDS FROM SPACE - A KEY COMPONENT FOR WEATHER AND CLIMATE PREDICTION. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 76(6), 869-888. 10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0869:LMWFSA>2.0.CO;2
- RYE BJ; HARDESTY RM. (Nov 1994). SPECTRAL MATCHED-FILTERS IN COHERENT LASER-RADAR. Journal of Modern Optics , 41(11), 2131-2144. 10.1080/09500349414552001
- PLATT CM; YOUNG SA; CARSWELL AI; PAL SR; MCCORMICK MP; WINKER DM; DELGUASTA M; STEFANUTTI L; EBERHARD WL; HARDESTY M. (Sep 1994). THE EXPERIMENTAL CLOUD LIDAR PILOT-STUDY (ECLIPS) FOR CLOUD-RADIATION RESEARCH. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 75(9), 1635-1654. 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1635:TECLPS>2.0.CO;2
- RYE BJ; HARDESTY RM. (May 1993). DISCRETE SPECTRAL PEAK ESTIMATION IN INCOHERENT BACKSCATTER HETERODYNE LIDAR .1. SPECTRAL ACCUMULATION AND THE CRAMER-RAO LOWER-BOUND (VOL 31, PG 16, 1993). IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 31(3), 748-748.
- RYE BJ; HARDESTY RM. (Jan 1993). DISCRETE SPECTRAL PEAK ESTIMATION IN INCOHERENT BACKSCATTER HETERODYNE LIDAR .1. SPECTRAL ACCUMULATION AND THE CRAMER-RAO LOWER BOUND. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 31(1), 16-27. 10.1109/36.210440
- RYE BJ; HARDESTY RM. (Jan 1993). DISCRETE SPECTRAL PEAK ESTIMATION IN INCOHERENT BACKSCATTER HETERODYNE LIDAR .2. CORRELOGRAM ACCUMULATION. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 31(1), 28-35. 10.1109/36.210441
- ZHAO YZ; HARDESTY RM; POST MJ. (Dec 1992). MULTIBEAM TRANSMITTER FOR SIGNAL DYNAMIC-RANGE REDUCTION IN INCOHERENT LIDAR SYSTEMS. Applied Optics , 31(36), 7623-7632. 10.1364/AO.31.007623
- PARSONS DB; SHAPIRO MA; HARDESTY RM; ZAMORA RJ; INTRIERI JM. (May 1991). THE FINESCALE STRUCTURE OF A WEST TEXAS DRYLINE. Monthly Weather Review , 119(5), 1242-1258. 10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1242:TFSOAW>2.0.CO;2
- ZHAO YZ; POST MJ; HARDESTY RM. (Oct 1990). RECEIVING EFFICIENCY OF MONOSTATIC PULSED COHERENT LIDARS .2. APPLICATIONS. Applied Optics , 29(28), 4120-4132. 10.1364/AO.29.004120
- ZHAO YZ; POST MJ; HARDESTY RM. (Oct 1990). RECEIVING EFFICIENCY OF MONOSTATIC PULSED COHERENT LIDARS .1. THEORY. Applied Optics , 29(28), 4111-4119. 10.1364/AO.29.004111
- DABBERDT WF; HARDESTY RM. (May 1990). SUMMARY OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON LOWER TROPOSPHERIC PROFILING - NEEDS AND TECHNOLOGIES - 31 MAY 3 JUNE 1988, BOULDER, COLORADO. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 71(5), 665-671.
- INTRIERI JM; LITTLE CG; SHAW WJ; BANTA RM; DURKEE PA; HARDESTY RM. (May 1990). THE LAND SEA BREEZE EXPERIMENT (LASBEX). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 71(5), 656-664.
- INTRIERI JM; BEDARD AJ; HARDESTY RM. (May 1990). DETAILS OF COLLIDING THUNDERSTORM OUTFLOWS AS OBSERVED BY DOPPLER LIDAR. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 47(9), 1081-1098. 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1081:DOCTOA>2.0.CO;2
- RYE BJ; HARDESTY RM. (Sep 1989). NONLINEAR KALMAN FILTERING TECHNIQUES FOR INCOHERENT BACKSCATTER LIDAR - RETURN POWER AND LOG POWER ESTIMATION. Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics , 28(18), 3908-3917. 10.1364/AO.28.003908
- MA KY; HALL FF; HARDESTY RM; LAWRENCE TR; CUPP RE. (May 1989). HETERODYNE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF A HGCDTE INFRARED DOPPLER DETECTOR. Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics , 28(10), 1750-1751. 10.1364/AO.28.001750
- MENZIES RT; HARDESTY RM. (Mar 1989). COHERENT DOPPLER LIDAR FOR MEASUREMENTS OF WIND FIELDS. Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 77(3), 449-462. 10.1109/5.24130
- RYE BJ; HARDESTY RM. (Mar 1989). TIME-SERIES IDENTIFICATION AND KALMAN FILTERING TECHNIQUES FOR DOPPLER LIDAR VELOCITY ESTIMATION. Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics , 28(5), 879-891. 10.1364/AO.28.000879
- NEIMAN PJ; HARDESTY RM; SHAPIRO MA; CUPP RE. (Nov 1988). DOPPLER LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF A DOWNSLOPE WINDSTORM. Monthly Weather Review , 116(11), 2265-2275. 10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<2265:DLOOAD>2.0.CO;2
- NEIMAN PJ; SHAPIRO MA; HARDESTY RM; STANKOV BB; LAWRENCE RT; ZAMORA RJ; HAMPEL T. (Aug 1988). THE PULSED COHERENT DOPPLER LIDAR - OBSERVATIONS OF FRONTAL STRUCTURE AND THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER. Monthly Weather Review , 116(8), 1671-1681. 10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1671:TPCDLO>2.0.CO;2
- ZHAO YZ; HARDESTY RM. (Jul 1988). TECHNIQUE FOR CORRECTING EFFECTS OF LONG CO2-LASER PULSES IN AEROSOL-BACKSCATTERED COHERENT LIDAR RETURNS. Applied Optics , 27(13), 2719-2729. 10.1364/AO.27.002719
- HARDESTY RM. (Sep 1986). PERFORMANCE OF A DISCRETE SPECTRAL PEAK FREQUENCY ESTIMATOR FOR DOPPLER WIND VELOCITY-MEASUREMENTS. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 24(5), 777-783. 10.1109/TGRS.1986.289626
- HALL FF; HUFFAKER RM; HARDESTY RM; JACKSON ME; LAWRENCE TR; POST MJ; RICHTER RA; WEBER BF. (Jan 1984). WIND MEASUREMENT ACCURACY OF THE NOAA PULSED INFRARED DOPPLER LIDAR. Applied Optics , 23(15), 2503-2506. 10.1364/AO.23.002503
- HARDESTY RM. (Jan 1984). COHERENT DIAL MEASUREMENT OF RANGE-RESOLVED WATER-VAPOR CONCENTRATION. Applied Optics , 23(15), 2545-2553. 10.1364/AO.23.002545
- HARDESTY RM; LAWRENCE TR; RICHTER RA; POST MJ; HALL FF; HUFFAKER RM. (Jan 1983). GROUND-BASED COHERENT LIDAR MEASUREMENT OF TROPOSPHERIC AND STRATOSPHERIC PARAMETERS. , 415, 85-91.
- HARDESTY RM. (Jan 1983). PERFORMANCE OF A COHERENT LIDAR REMOTE SENSOR IN SNOW AND FOG. , 414, 108-113.
- POST MJ; RICHTER RA; HARDESTY RM; LAWRENCE TR; HALL FF. (Jan 1981). NATIONAL-OCEANIC-AND-ATMOSPHERIC-ADMINISTRATIONS (NOAA) PULSED, COHERENT, INFRARED DOPPLER LIDAR - CHARACTERISTICS AND DATA. , 300, 60-65.
- LAWRENCE TR; POST MJ; HARDESTY RM; KEELER RJ; RICHTER RA; HUFFAKER RM; HALL FF. (Jan 1981). LONG-RANGE WIND SENSING USING A PULSED DOPPLER CO2 LIDAR. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics , 17(12), 18-18.
- HARDESTY RM; KEELER RJ; POST MJ; RICHTER RA. (Jan 1981). CHARACTERISTICS OF COHERENT LIDAR RETURNS FROM CALIBRATION TARGETS AND AEROSOLS. Applied Optics , 20(21), 3763-3769. 10.1364/AO.20.003763
- POST MJ; RICHTER RA; KEELER RJ; HARDESTY RM; LAWRENCE TR; HALL FF. (Jan 1980). CALIBRATION OF COHERENT LIDAR TARGETS. Applied Optics , 19(16), 2828-2832. 10.1364/AO.19.002828
- HARDESTY RM; MANDICS PA; BERAN DW; STRAUCH RG. (Jan 1977). DULLES AIRPORT ACOUSTIC-MICROWAVE RADAR WIND AND WIND SHEAR MEASURING SYSTEM. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 58(9), 910-918. 10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0910:TDAAMR>2.0.CO;2