Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder

Timothy J. Fuller-Rowell

Research Interests

My group studies space weather, specifically, the dynamics, energetics, chemistry, and electrodynamics of the thermosphere and ionosphere.

Current Research

How waves from the lower atmosphere drive space weather

CIRES' broad sphere of science also includes "space weather." The term "space weather" refers to the variable conditions on the Sun, throughout space, and in Earth's magnetic field and upper atmosphere that can influence the performance of space-borne and ground-based technological systems. Near Earth, space weather impacts satellite drag and orbit prediction, as well as communication and navigation systems, which in extreme cases can endanger human life.
The Atmosphere-Ionosphere Modeling (AIM) Group in CIRES targets the near-Earth response to solar variability, and also investigates the connections between terrestrial weather and space weather. When the Sun is active, the impact of solar variability, such as flares or coronal mass ejections, dominates space weather. Recently we have become increasingly aware of the impact of lower-atmospheric processes on space weather: A whole spectrum of waves is continually bombarding the upper atmosphere, and they originate from tropospheric convection, absorption of radiation by ozone and water vapor, sudden stratospheric warmings, jet stream adjustment, and ocean waves. To quantify the impact of this lower-atmosphere spectrum of waves, we have been working with our NOAA partners to build a whole atmosphere model (WAM). WAM can now simulate a large part of this neutral atmosphere wave spectrum.

One of the impacts of these waves is on satellite drag. Most of the drag on a satellite in low-Earth orbit, such as the International Space Station (ISS), 250 miles above Earth, comes from the tenuous atmospheric gas it flies through, which is more than 1 billion times less dense than at sea level, yet is enough to perturb the ISS orbit. The figure shows neutral density measured at these altitudes from the German Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite. The episodic spikes of density come from increases in energy deposition from geomagnetic storms when the Sun suddenly becomes more active; these are superimposed on a longer-term seasonal modulation. Attempts to model the changes through the year using an upper atmosphere model by itself are good at capturing the spikes in density, but are not good at capturing the seasonal changes. The model underestimates the density at both equinoxes. When we used the WAM spectrum of waves from the lower atmosphere to force the upper atmosphere in addition to solar and geomagnetic forcing, we were able to capture a large part of the semi-annual variation and improve orbit prediction.



Variation of orbit-averaged neutral density near 400 km altitude from observations on the German CHAMP satellite (shown in black) during 2007. Simulation using an upper atmosphere model by itself (shown in blue) falls short of predicting the density during both equinoxes. When the spectrum of waves from WAM is used to drive the upper atmosphere (shown in green), the semi-annual variation is captured, and orbit prediction is improved. Figure courtesy of Mariangel Fedrizzi

View Publications

  • Fang T-W; Kubaryk A; Goldstein D; Li Z; Fuller-Rowell T; Millward G; Singer HJ; Steenburgh R; Westerman S; Babcock E. (Nov 2022). Space Weather Environment During the SpaceX Starlink Satellite Loss in February 2022. Space Weather , 20(11). 10.1029/2022SW003193
  • Hysell DL; Fang TW; Fuller-Rowell TJ. (Sep 2022). Modeling Equatorial F-Region Ionospheric Instability Using a Regional Ionospheric Irregularity Model and WAM-IPE. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics , 127(9). 10.1029/2022JA030513
  • Olsen, J. R., M. V. Codrescu, M. Fedrizzi, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, L. J. Paxton and Y. Zhang. (Jan 2020). Thermospheric O/N2 Response to External Forcing Using CTIPe Model and GUVI Observations. 10.5194/acp-2019-569
  • Fernandez-Gomez, I; Fedrizzi, M; Codrescu, MV; Borries, C; Fillion, M; Fuller-Rowell, TJ. (Nov 2019). On the difference between real-time and research simulations with CTIPe. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH , 64(10). 10.1016/j.asr.2019.02.028
  • Jackson, DR; Fuller-Rowell, TJ; Griffin, DJ; Griffith, MJ; Kelly, CW; Marsh, DR; Walach, MT. (Sep 2019). Future Directions for Whole Atmosphere Modeling: Developments in the Context of Space Weather. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 17(9). 10.1029/2019SW002267
  • Araujo-Pradere, E; Weatherhead, EC; Dandenault, PB; Bilitza, D; Wilkinson, P; Coker, C; Akmaev, R; Beig, G; Buresova, D; Paxton, LJ; Hernandez-Pajares, M; Liu, JY; Lin, CH; Habarulema, JB; Paznukhov, V. (May 2019). Critical Issues in Ionospheric Data Quality and Implications for Scientific Studies. RADIO SCIENCE , 54(5). 10.1029/2018RS006686
  • Bhattacharyya, A; Fedrizzi, M; Fuller-Rowell, TJ; Gurram, P; Kakad, B; Sripathi, S; Sunda, S. (Mar 2019). Effect of Magnetic Storm Related Thermospheric Changes on the Evolution of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 124(3). 10.1029/2018JA025995
  • Eyiguler, ECK; Shim, JS; Kuznetsova, MM; Kaymaz, Z; Bowman, BR; Codrescu, MV; Solomon, SC; Fuller-Rowell, TJ; Ridley, AJ; Mehta, PM; Sutton, EK. (Feb 2019). Quantifying the Storm Time Thermospheric Neutral Density Variations Using Model and Obeservations. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 17(2). 10.1029/2018SW002033
  • Fang, TW, T Fuller-Rowell, V Yudin, T Matsuo and R Viereck. (Nov 2018). Quantifying the Sources of Ionosphere Day-To-Day Variability. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 123(11). 10.1029/2018JA025525
  • Bruinsma, S, E Sutton, SC Solomon, T Fuller-Rowell and M Fedrizzi. (Nov 2018). Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment: Neutral Density for Orbit Determination at low Earth orbit. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 16(11). 10.1029/2018SW002027
  • Shim, JS, I Tsagouri, L Goncharenko, L Rastaetter, M Kuznetsova, D Bilitza, M Codrescu, AJ Coster, SC Solomon, M Fedrizzi, M Forster, TJ Fuller-Rowell, LC Gardner, J Huba, AA Namgaladze, BE Prokhorov, AJ Ridley, L Scherliess, RW Schunk, JJ Sojka and L Zhu. (Nov 2018). Validation of Ionospheric Specifications During Geomagnetic Storms TEC and foF2 During the 2013 March Storm Event. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 16(11). 10.1029/2018SW002034
  • Hsu, CT, T Matsuo, X Yue, TW Fang, T Fuller-Rowell, K Ide and JY Liu. (Mar 2018). Assessment of the Impact of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 GNSS RO Observations on Midlatitude and Low-Latitude Ionosphere Specification: Observing System Simulation Experiments Using Ensemble Square Root Filter. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 123(3). 10.1002/2017JA025109
  • Shim, JS, L Rastatter, M Kuznetsova, D Bilitza, M Codrescu, AJ Coster, BA Emery, M Fedrizzi, M Forster, TJ Fuller-Rowell, LC Gardner, L Goncharenko, J Huba, SE McDonald, AJ Mannucci, AA Namgaladze, X Pi, BE Prokhorov, AJ Ridley, L Scherliess, RW Schunk, JJ Sojka and L Zhu. (Oct 2017). CEDAR-GEM Challenge for Systematic Assessment of Ionosphere/Thermosphere Models in Predicting TEC During the 2006 December Storm Event. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 15(10). 10.1002/2017SW001649
  • Fontenla, JM, M Codrescu, M Fedrizzi, T Fuller-Rowell, F Hill, E Landi and T Woods. (Jan 2017). FIVE YEARS OF SYNTHESIS OF SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE FROM SDID/SISA AND SDO/AIA IMAGES. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL , 834(1). 10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/54
  • Connor, HK, E Zesta, M Fedrizzi, Y Shi, J Raeder, MV Codrescu and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Jun 2016). Modeling the ionosphere-thermosphere response to a geomagnetic storm using physics-based magnetospheric energy input: OpenGGCM-CTIM results. JOURNAL OF SPACE WEATHER AND SPACE CLIMATE , 6(A25). 10.1051/swsc/2016019
  • Maruyama, N, YY Sun, PG Richards, J Middlecoff, TW Fang, TJ Fuller-Rowell, RA Akmaev, JY Liu and CE Valladares. (Mar 2016). A new source of the midlatitude ionospheric peak density structure revealed by a new Ionosphere-Plasmasphere model. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 43(6). 10.1002/2015GL067312
  • Fong, WC, XZ Chu, X Lu, C Chen, TJ Fuller-Rowell, M Codrescu and AD Richmond. (Feb 2015). Lidar and CTIPe model studies of the fast amplitude growth with altitude of the diurnal temperature "tides" in the Antarctic winter lower thermosphere and dependence on geomagnetic activity. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 42(3). 10.1002/2014GL062784
  • Fang, TW, T Fuller-Rowell, HJ Wang, R Akmaev and F Wu. (Sep 2014). Ionospheric response to sudden stratospheric warming events at low and high solar activity. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 119(9). 10.1002/2014JA020142
  • Fong, WC, X Lu, XZ Chu, TJ Fuller-Rowell, ZB Yu, BR Roberts, C Chen, CS Gardner and AJ McDonald. (Mar 2014). Winter temperature tides from 30 to 110 km at McMurdo (77.8 degrees S, 166.7 degrees E), Antarctica: Lidar observations and comparisons with WAM. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 119(6). 10.1002/2013JD020784
  • Wang, H, RA Akmaev, TW Fang, TJ Fuller-Rowell, F Wu, N Maruyama and MD Iredell. (Mar 2014). First forecast of a sudden stratospheric warming with a coupled whole-atmosphere/ionosphere model IDEA. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 119(3). 10.1002/2013JA019481
  • Pedatella, NM, T Fuller-Rowell, H Wang, H Jin, Y Miyoshi, H Fujiwara, H Shinagawa, HL Liu, F Sassi, H Schmidt, V Matthias and L Goncharenko. (Feb 2014). The neutral dynamics during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming simulated by different whole atmospheremodels. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 119(2). 10.1002/2013JA019421
  • Meriwether JW; Makela JJ; Fisher DJ; Buriti RA; Medeiros AF; Akmaev RA; Fuller-Rowell TJ; Wu F. (Oct 2013). Comparisons of thermospheric wind and temperature measurements in equatorial Brazil to Whole Atmosphere Model Predictions. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar: Terrestrial Physics , 103, 103-112. 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.04.002
  • Lu, X, XZ Chu, T Fuller-Rowell, LR Chang, WC Fong and ZB Yu. (Sep 2013). Eastward propagating planetary waves with periods of 1-5 days in the winter Antarctic stratosphere as revealed by MERRA and lidar. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES , 118(17). 10.1002/jgrd.50717
  • Yizengaw, E, P Doherty and T Fuller-Rowell. (Jul 2013). Is Space Weather Different Over Africa, and If So, Why? An AGU Chapman Conference Report. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 11(7). 10.1002/swe.20063
  • Fang, TW, R Akmaev, T Fuller-Rowell, F Wu, N Maruyama and G Millward. (Jun 2013). Longitudinal and day-to-day variability in the ionosphere from lower atmosphere tidal forcing. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 40(11). 10.1002/grl.50550
  • Lieberman, RS, RA Akmaev, TJ Fuller-Rowell and E Doornbos. (May 2013). Thermospheric zonal mean winds and tides revealed by CHAMP. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 40(10). 10.1002/grl.50481
  • Deng, Y, TJ Fuller-Rowell, AJ Ridley, D Knipp and RE Lopez. (May 2013). Theoretical study: Influence of different energy sources on the cusp neutral density enhancement. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 118(5). 10.1002/jgra.50197
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, D Buresova, DJ Fuller-Rowell and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Feb 2013). Initial results of the evaluation of IRI hmF2 performance for minima 22-23 and 23-24. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH , 51(4). 10.1016/j.asr.2012.02.010
  • Shim, J. S., M. Kuznetsova, L. Rastatter, D. Bilitza, M. Butala, M. Codrescu, B. A. Emery, B. Foster, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, J Huba, A. J. Mannucci, X. Pi, A. Ridley, L. Scherliess, R. W. Schunk, J. .J Sojka, P. Stephens, D. C. Thompson, D Weimer, L. Zhu, and E. Sutton. (Oct 2012). CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge for systematic assessment of ionosphere/thermosphere models: Electron density, neutral density, NmF2, and hmF2 using space based observations. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 10. 10.1029/2012SW000851
  • Negrea, C, MV Codrescu and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Aug 2012). On the validation effort of the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics model. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 10. 10.1029/2012SW000818
  • Matsuo, T, M Fedrizzi, TJ Fuller-Rowell and MV Codrescu. (May 2012). Data assimilation of thermospheric mass density. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 10. 10.1029/2012SW000773
  • Fang, TW, T Fuller-Rowell, R Akmaev, F Wu, HJ Wang and D Anderson. (Mar 2012). Longitudinal variation of ionospheric vertical drifts during the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 117. 10.1029/2011JA017348
  • Fedrizzi, M, TJ Fuller-Rowell and MV Codrescu. (Mar 2012). Global Joule heating index derived from thermospheric density physics-based modeling and observations. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 10. 10.1029/2011SW000724
  • Codrescu, MV, C Negrea, M Fedrizzi, TJ Fuller-Rowell, A Dobin, N Jakowsky, H Khalsa, T Matsuo and N Maruyama. (Feb 2012). A real-time run of the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics (CTIPe) model. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 10. 10.1029/2011SW000736
  • Woods, TN, FG Eparvier, R Hock, AR Jones, D Woodraska, D Judge, L Didkovsky, J Lean, J Mariska, H Warren, D McMullin, P Chamberlin, G Berthiaume, S Bailey, T Fuller-Rowell, J Sojka, WK Tobiska and R Viereck. (Jan 2012). Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO): Overview of Science Objectives, Instrument Design, Data Products, and Model Developments. SOLAR PHYSICS , 275(2-Jan). 10.1007/s11207-009-9487-6
  • Shim, JS, M Kuznetsova, L Rastatter, M Hesse, D Bilitza, M Butala, M Codrescu, B Emery, B Foster, T Fuller-Rowell, J Huba, AJ Mannucci, X Pi, A Ridley, L Scherliess, RW Schunk, P Stephens, DC Thompson, L Zhu, D Anderson, JL Chau, JJ Sojka and B Rideout. (Dec 2011). CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge for systematic assessment of ionosphere/thermosphere models: NmF2, hmF2, and vertical drift using ground-based observations. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 9. 10.1029/2011SW000727
  • Wang, H, TJ Fuller-Rowell, RA Akmaev, M Hu, DT Kleist and MD Iredell. (Dec 2011). First simulations with a whole atmosphere data assimilation and forecast system: The January 2009 major sudden stratospheric warming. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 116. 10.1029/2011JA017081
  • Bilitza, D, LA McKinnell, B Reinisch and T Fuller-Rowell. (Dec 2011). The international reference ionosphere today and in the future. JOURNAL OF GEODESY , 85(12). 10.1007/s00190-010-0427-x
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, R Redmon, M Fedrizzi, R Viereck and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Dec 2011). Some Characteristics of the Ionospheric Behavior During the Solar Cycle 23-24 Minimum. SOLAR PHYSICS , 274(2-Jan). 10.1007/s11207-011-9728-3
  • Fuller-Rowell, T, R Akmaev, F Wu, M Fedrizzi, RA Viereck and HJ Wang. (Sep 2011). Did the January 2009 sudden stratospheric warming cool or warm the thermosphere?. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 38. 10.1029/2011GL048985
  • Fuller-Rowell, T, HJ Wang, R Akmaev, F Wu, TW Fang, M Iredell and A Richmond. (Jul 2011). Forecasting the dynamic and electrodynamic response to the January 2009 sudden stratospheric warming. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 38. 10.1029/2011GL047732
  • Deng, Y, TJ Fuller-Rowell, RA Akmaev and AJ Ridley. (May 2011). Impact of the altitudinal Joule heating distribution on the thermosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 116. 10.1029/2010JA016019
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ. (Jan 2011). Storm-Time Response of the Thermosphere-Ionosphere System. AERONOMY OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE , 2. 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_32
  • Maruyama, N, TJ Fuller-Rowell, MV Codrescu, D Anderson, AD Richmond, A Maute, S Sazykin, FR Toffoletto, RW Spiro, RA Wolf and GH Millward. (Jan 2011). Modeling the Storm Time Electrodynamics. AERONOMY OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE , 2. 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_35
  • Fuller-Rowell, T, F Wu, R Akmaev, TW Fang and E Araujo-Pradere. (Oct 2010). A whole atmosphere model simulation of the impact of a sudden stratospheric warming on thermosphere dynamics and electrodynamics. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 115. 10.1029/2010JA015524
  • Akmaev, RA, F Wu, TJ Fuller-Rowell, H Wang and MD Iredell. (Aug 2010). Midnight density and temperature maxima, and thermospheric dynamics in Whole Atmosphere Model simulations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 115. 10.1029/2010JA015651
  • Akmaev, RA, F Wu, TJ Fuller-Rowell and H Wang. (Apr 2009). Midnight temperature maximum (MTM) in Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) simulations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 36. 10.1029/2009GL037759
  • Amory-Mazaudier, C, S Basu, O Bock, A Combrink, K Groves, T Fuller Rowell, P Lassudrie-Duchesne, M Petitdidier and E Yizengaw. (Apr 2009). International Heliophysical Year: GPS Network in Africa. EARTH MOON AND PLANETS , 104(4-Jan). 10.1007/s11038-008-9273-8
  • Smith, DA, EA Araujo-Pradere, C Minter and T Fuller-Rowell. (Dec 2008). A comprehensive evaluation of the errors inherent in the use of a two-dimensional shell for modeling the ionosphere. RADIO SCIENCE , 43(6). 10.1029/2007RS003769
  • Raeder, J, D Larson, WH Li, EL Kepko and T Fuller-Rowell. (Dec 2008). OpenGGCM Simulations for the THEMIS Mission. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS , 141(4-Jan). 10.1007/s11214-008-9421-5
  • Codrescu, MV, TJ Fuller-Rowell, V Munteanu, CF Minter and GH Millward. (Sep 2008). Validation of the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics model: CTIPE-Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter temperature comparison. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 6(9). 10.1029/2007SW000364
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, RA Akmaev, F Wu, A Anghel, N Maruyama, DN Anderson, MV Codrescu, M Iredell, S Moorthi, HM Juang, YT Hou and G Millward. (May 2008). Impact of terrestrial weather on the upper atmosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 35(9). 10.1029/2007GL032911
  • Akmaev, RA, TJ Fuller-Rowell, F Wu, JM Forbes, X Zhang, AF Anghel, MD Iredell, S Moorthi and HM Juang. (Feb 2008). Tidal variability in the lower thermosphere: Comparison of Whole Atmosphere Model (WAM) simulations with observations from TIMED. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 35(3). 10.1029/2007GL032584
  • Fedrizzi, M, TJ Fuller-Rowell, N Maruyama, M Codrescu and H Khalsa. (Jan 2008). Sources of F-Region Height Changes During Geomagnetic Storms at Mid Latitudes. MIDLATITUDE IONOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND DISTURBANCES , 181. 10.1029/181GM22
  • Fuller-Rowell, T, M Codrescu, N Maruyama, M Fedrizzi, E Araujo-Pradere, S Sazykin and G Bust. (Jul 2007). Observed and modeled thermosphere and ionosphere response to superstorms. RADIO SCIENCE , 42(4). 10.1029/2005RS003392
  • Maruyama, N, S Sazykin, RW Spiro, D Anderson, A Anghel, RA Wolf, FR Toffoletto, TJ Fuller-Rowell, MV Codrescu, AD Richmond and GH Millward. (Jul 2007). Modeling storm-time electrodynamics of the low-latitude ionosphere-thermo sphere system: Can long lasting disturbance electric fields be accounted for?. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS , 69(11-Oct). 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.08.020
  • Minter, CF, DS Robertson, PSJ Spencer, AR Jacobson, TJ Fuller-Rowell, EA Araujo-Pradere and RW Moses. (Jun 2007). A comparison of Magic and FORTE ionosphere measurements. RADIO SCIENCE , 42(3). 10.1029/2006RS003460
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell, PSJ Spencer and CF Minter. (Jun 2007). Differential validation of the US-TEC model. RADIO SCIENCE , 42(3). 10.1029/2006RS003459
  • Fuller-Rowell, T, E Araujo-Pradere, C Minter, M Codrescu, P Spencer, D Robertson and AR Jacobson. (Dec 2006). US-TEC: A new data assimilation product from the Space Environment Center characterizing the ionospheric total electron content using real-time GPS data. RADIO SCIENCE , 41(6). 10.1029/2005RS003393
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell and PSJ Spencer. (Nov 2006). Consistent features of TEC changes during ionospheric storms. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS , 68(16). 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.06.004
  • Lyakhov, AN, YI Zetser and T Fuller-Rowell. (Jul 2006). Possible consequences of the displacement of magnetic poles on the structure and dynamics of the earth's upper atmosphere. DOKLADY EARTH SCIENCES , 409(6). 10.1134/S1028334X06060328
  • Tsurutani, BT, FL Guarnieri, T Fuller-Rowell, AJ Mannucci, B Iijima, WD Gonzalez, DL Judge, P Gangopadhyay, A Saito, T Tsuda, OP Verkhoglyadova and GA Zambon. (Jun 2006). Extreme solar EUV flares and ICMEs and resultant extreme ionospheric effects: Comparison of the Halloween 2003 and the Bastille Day events. RADIO SCIENCE , 41(5). 10.1029/2005RS003331
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, MV Codrescu, CF Minter and D Strickland. (Jan 2006). Application of thermospheric general circulation models for space weather operations. THERMOSPHERIC-IONOSPHERIC-GEOSPHERIC (TIGER) SYMPOSIUM , 37(2). 10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.020
  • Minter, CF, TJ Fuller-Rowell and MV Codrescu. (Dec 2005). The potential of remote sensing for neutral atmospheric density estimation in a data assimilation system. JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES , 53(4).
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell and MV Codrescu. (Oct 2005). Characteristics of the ionospheric variability as a function of season, latitude, local time, and geomagnetic activity. RADIO SCIENCE , 40(5). 10.1029/2004RS003179
  • Khattatov, B, M Murphy, M Gnedin, J Sheffel, J Adams, B Cruickshank, V Yudin, T Fuller-Rowell and J Retterer. (Oct 2005). Ionospheric nowcasting via assimilation of GPS measurements of ionospheric electron content in a global physics-based time-dependent model. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY , 131(613). 10.1256/qj.05.96
  • Thuillier, G, JM Perrin, C Lathuillere, M Herse, T Fuller-Rowell, M Codrescu, F Huppert and M Fehrenbach. (Sep 2005). Dynamics in the polar thermosphere after the coronal mass ejection of 28 October 2003 observed with the EPIS interferometer at Svalbard. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 110(A9). 10.1029/2004JA010966
  • Maruyama, N, AD Richmond, TJ Fuller-Rowell, MV Codrescu, S Sazykin, FR Toffoletto, RW Spiro and GH Millward. (Sep 2005). Interaction between direct penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields in the storm-time equatorial ionosphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 32(17). 10.1029/2005GL023763
  • Fuller-Rowell T. (Sep 2005). USTEC: a new product from the Space Environment Center characterizing the ionospheric total electron content. GPS Solutions , 9(3), 236-239. 10.1007/s10291-005-0005-5
  • Codrescu, MV, TJ Fuller-Rowell and CF Minter. (Nov 2004). An ensemble-type Kalman filter for neutral thermospheric composition during geomagnetic storms. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 2(11). 10.1029/2004SW000088
  • Minter, CF, TJ Fuller-Rowell and MV Codrescu. (Apr 2004). Estimating the state of the thermospheric composition using Kalman filtering. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS , 2(4). 10.1029/2003SW000006
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, CF Minter and MV Codrescu. (Feb 2004). Data assimilation for neutral thermospheric species during geomagnetic storms. RADIO SCIENCE , 39(1). 10.1029/2002RS002835
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell and D Bilitza. (Jan 2004). Ionospheric variability for quiet and perturbed conditions. IRI: QUANTIFYING IONOSPERIC VARIABILITY , 34(9). 10.1016/j.asr.2004.06.007
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell, MV Codrescu and A Anghel. (Jan 2004). Evaluation and prospects for storm-time corrections in the International Reference Ionosphere. PATH TOWARD IMPROVED IONOSPHERE SPECIFICATION AND FORECAST MODELS , 33(6). 10.1016/j.asr.2003.07.010
  • Maruyama, N, S Watanabe and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Nov 2003). Dynamic and energetic coupling in the equatorial ionosphere and thermosphere. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 108(A11). 10.1029/2002JA009599
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell and D Bilitza. (Mar 2003). Validation of the STORM response in IRI2000. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 108(A3). 10.1029/2002JA009720
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA, TJ Fuller-Rowell and MV Codrescu. (Dec 2002). STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model - 1. Model description. RADIO SCIENCE , 37(5). 10.1029/2001RS002467
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Dec 2002). STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model - 2. Validation. RADIO SCIENCE , 37(5). 10.1029/2002RS002620
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, GH Millward, AD Richmond and MV Codrescu. (Dec 2002). Storm-time changes in the upper atmosphere at low latitudes. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS , 64(14-Dec). 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00101-3
  • Araujo-Pradere, EA and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Dec 2001). Evaluation of the STORM-time ionospheric empirical model for the Bastille Day event. SOLAR PHYSICS , 204(2-Jan).
  • Codrescu, MV, KL Beierle, TJ Fuller-Rowell, SE Palo and XL Zhang. (Dec 2001). More total electron content climatology from TOPEX/Poseidon measurements. RADIO SCIENCE , 36(2). 10.1029/1999RS002407
  • Millward, GH, ICF Muller-Wodarg, AD Aylward, TJ Fuller-Rowell, AD Richmond and RJ Moffett. (Nov 2001). An investigation into the influence of tidal forcing on F region equatorial vertical ion drift using a global ionosphere-thermosphere model with coupled electrodynamics. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 106(A11). 10.1029/2000JA000342
  • Muller-Wodarg, ICF, AD Aylward and TJ Fuller-Rowell. (Jun 2001). Tidal oscillations in the thermosphere: a theoretical investigation of their sources. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS , 63(9). 10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00202-9
  • Zou, L, H Rishbeth, ICF Muller-Wodarg, AD Aylward, GH Millward, TJ Fuller-Rowell, DW Idenden and RJ Moffett. (Aug 2000). Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer. I. Modelling. ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE-ATMOSPHERES HYDROSPHERES AND SPACE SCIENCES , 18(8). 10.1007/s00585-000-0927-8
  • Rishbeth, H, ICF Muller-Wodarg, L Zou, TJ Fuller-Rowell, GH Millward, RJ Moffett, DW Idenden and AD Aylward. (Aug 2000). Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: II. Physical discussion. ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE-ATMOSPHERES HYDROSPHERES AND SPACE SCIENCES , 18(8). 10.1007/s00585-000-0945-6
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, MC Codrescu and P Wilkinson. (Jul 2000). Quantitative modeling of the ionospheric response to geomagnetic activity. ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE-ATMOSPHERES HYDROSPHERES AND SPACE SCIENCES , 18(7). 10.1007/s00585-000-0766-7
  • Codrescu, MV, TJ Fuller-Rowell, JC Foster, JM Holt and SJ Cariglia. (Mar 2000). Electric field variability associated with the Millstone Hill electric field model. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 105(A3). 10.1029/1999JA900463
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, E Araujo-Pradere and MV Codrescu. (Jan 2000). An empirical ionospheric storm-time correction model. LOWER IONOSPHERE: MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS , 25(1). 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00911-4
  • Codrescu, MV, SE Palo, X Zhang, TJ Fuller-Rowell and C Poppe. (Feb 1999). TEC climatology derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS , 61(4-Mar). 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00132-1
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ, T Matsuo, MV Codrescu and FA Marcos. (Jan 1999). Modeling thermospheric neutral density waves and holes in response to high latitude forcing. IONOSPHERIC/THERMOSPHERIC/MESOSPHERIC COUPLING , 24(11). 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00705-X
  • Field, PR, H Rishbeth, RJ Moffett, DW Idenden, TJ Fuller-Rowell, GH Millward and AD Aylward. (Mar 1998). Modelling composition changes in F-layer storms. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS , 60(5). 10.1016/S1364-6826(97)00074-6
  • Fuller-Rowell, TJ. (Mar 1998). The "thermospheric spoon": A mechanism for the semiannual density variation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 103(A3). 10.1029/97JA03335
  • Szuszczewicz EP; Blanchard P; Wilkinson P; Crowley G; Fuller-Rowell T; Richards P; Abdu M; Bullett T; Hanbaba R; Lebreton JP. (Feb 1998). The first real-time worldwide ionospheric predictions network: An advance in support of spaceborne experimentation, on-line model validation, and space weather. Geophysical Research Letters , 25(4), 449-452. 10.1029/97GL03279
  • Prolss, GW, S Werner, MV Codrescu, TJ Fuller-Rowell, AG Burns and TL Killeen. (Jan 1998). The thermospheric-ionospheric storm of Dec 8, 1982: Model predictions and observations. SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS: PREDICTING THE EFFECTS ON THE NEAR- EARTH ENVIRONMENT , 22(1). 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)01111-3
  • Wells, GD, AS Rodger, RJ Moffett, GJ Bailey and TJ FullerRowell. (Mar 1997). The effects of nitric oxide cooling and the photodissociation of molecular oxygen on the thermosphere/ionosphere system over the Argentine Islands. ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE-ATMOSPHERES HYDROSPHERES AND SPACE SCIENCES , 15(3). 10.1007/s005850050449
  • Buonsanto, MJ, G Bust, R Clark, M Codrescu, G Crowley, BA Emery, TJ Fuller-Rowell, G Hoogeveen, A Jacobson, D Knipp, S Maurits, PG Richards, JR Taylor and BJ Watkins. (Jan 1997). Recent results of the cedar storm study. QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF IONOSPHERIC STORM EFFECTS AND IRREGULARITIES , 20(9). 10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00569-3
  • Idenden, DW, RJ Moffett, S Quegan and TJ FullerRowell. (Nov 1996). Time-dependent convection at high latitudes. ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE-ATMOSPHERES HYDROSPHERES AND SPACE SCIENCES , 14(11). 10.1007/s005850050378
  • Fujiwara, H, S Maeda, H Fukunishi, TJ Fuller-Rowell and DS Evans. (Jan 1996). Global variations of thermospheric winds and temperatures caused by substorm energy injection. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS , 101(A1). 10.1029/95JA01157
  • Moffett, RJ, GH Millward, S Quegan, AD Aylward and TJ FullerRowell. (Jan 1996). Results from a coupled model of the thermosphere, ionosphere and plasmasphere (CTIPM). THERMOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE-MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE COUPLING AND DYNAMICS , 18(3). 10.1016/0273-1177(95)00833-Z
  • KILLEEN, TL, B NARDI, PN PURCELL, RG ROBLE, TJ FULLERROWELL and D REES. (Jun 1992). NEUTRAL WINDS IN THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE FROM DYNAMICS EXPLORER-2. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS , 19(11). 10.1029/92GL01023
  • Rees D; Fuller-Rowell TJ; Lyons A; Killeen TL; Hays PB. (Nov 1982). Stable and rugged etalon for the Dynamics Explorer Fabry-Perot interferometer. 1: Design and construction. Applied Optics , 21(21), 3896-3902. 10.1364/AO.21.003896